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Test 2 · Words that changed their meaning

Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover." ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.) What does "naughty" mean today?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: nan, ee, lover, naughty · What happens: say, be, mean · To what, where: naughty one, friendly greeting, West Country · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 2 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your nan from Bristol says "'ee were a naughty one, my lover."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 nan	nmod:poss
2	nan	nan	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 says	nsubj
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 Bristol	case
4	Bristol	Bristol	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 nan	nmod
5	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 one	punct
7	'	'	PUNCT	_	8 ee	punct
8	ee	ee	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 one	nsubj
9	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 one	cop
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 one	det
11	naughty	naughty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 one	amod
12	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 says	ccomp
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 lover	punct
14	my	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	15 lover	nmod:poss
15	lover	lover	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 one	conj
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	12 one	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	12 one	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your nan from Bristol						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is a in a quote	past	ee	a naughty one and my lover					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: ("My lover" is a friendly greeting in the West Country.)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	9 greeting	punct
2	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 lover	punct
3	My	my	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 lover	nmod:poss
4	lover	lover	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 greeting	nsubj
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 lover	punct
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 greeting	cop
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 greeting	det
8	friendly	friendly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 greeting	amod
9	greeting	greeting	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
10	in	in	ADP	_	13 Country	case
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 Country	det
12	West	West	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 Country	compound
13	Country	Country	PROPN	Number=Sing	9 greeting	nmod
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 greeting	punct
15	)	)	PUNCT	_	9 greeting	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	My lover	a friendly greeting		the West Country			tree rules

Sentence 3: What does "naughty" mean today?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	6 mean	obj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 mean	aux
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 naughty	punct
4	naughty	naughty	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 mean	nsubj
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 naughty	punct
6	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	today	today	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 mean	obl:unmarked
8	?	?	PUNCT	_	6 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present · do-support	naughty				today		vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Badly behaved, usually about a child

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Badly	badly	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 behaved	advmod
2	behaved	behave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 behaved	punct
4	usually	usually	ADV	_	2 behaved	advmod
5	about	about	ADP	_	7 child	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 child	det
7	child	child	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 behaved	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	behave	participle						about a child; badly, usually property	vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent

Option 2

Wicked and dangerous to everyone around

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Wicked	wicked	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	3 dangerous	cc
3	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Wicked	conj
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 everyone	case
5	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	1 Wicked	obl
6	around	around	ADV	_	5 everyone	advmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3

Blessed and very happy

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Blessed	blessed	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
2	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 happy	cc
3	very	very	ADV	_	4 happy	advmod
4	happy	happy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Blessed	conj

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

Having nothing at all, very poor

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Having	have	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	root	root
2	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	1 Having	obj
3	at	at	ADP	_	4 all	case
4	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	2 nothing	nmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 poor	punct
6	very	very	ADV	_	7 poor	advmod
7	poor	poor	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Having	parataxis

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	gerund		nothing		all			vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/t2/