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Test 4 · Words that changed their meaning

Your American cousin says "y'all, there's a deer in the yard!" ("Y'all" means you all.) In Old English, what could "deer" have been?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: American cousin, deer, Y'all · What happens: say, be, mean, have · To what, where: y'all, you · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 4 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your American cousin says "y'all, there's a deer in the yard!"

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 cousin	nmod:poss
2	American	American	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 cousin	amod
3	cousin	cousin	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 y'all	punct
6	y'all	y'all	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 's	punct
8	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	9 's	expl
9	's	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 y'all	acl:relcl
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 deer	det
11	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 's	nsubj
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 yard	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 yard	det
14	yard	yard	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 's	obl
15	!	!	PUNCT	_	6 y'all	punct
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	6 y'all	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: express	present	Your American cousin	y'all					vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent y'all=Topic
2	be in a quote	present	a deer	y'all not said here		there		in the yard	vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot y'all=Theme in yard=Attribute

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: ("Y'all" means you all.)

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	(	(	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct
2	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 Y'all	punct
3	Y'all	Y'all	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 means	nsubj
4	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 Y'all	punct
5	means	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	5 means	obj
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 you	nmod:unmarked
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct
9	)	)	PUNCT	_	5 means	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Y'all	you					vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Topic

Sentence 3: In Old English, what could "deer" have been?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 English	case
2	Old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 English	amod
3	English	English	PROPN	Number=Sing	8 deer	obl
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 English	punct
5	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	8 deer	nsubj
6	could	could	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 deer	aux
7	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 deer	punct
8	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
9	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 deer	punct
10	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 deer	parataxis
11	been	be	AUX	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	10 have	xcomp
12	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 deer	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present							vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Only a deer with antlers

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	3 deer	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 deer	det
3	deer	deer	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	with	with	ADP	_	5 antlers	case
5	antlers	antler	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 deer	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Any wild animal at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	3 animal	det
2	wild	wild	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 animal	amod
3	animal	animal	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	at	at	ADP	_	5 all	case
5	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	3 animal	nmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3

Only a pet dog

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	4 dog	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 dog	det
3	pet	pet	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 dog	compound
4	dog	dog	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4

Only a bird

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	3 bird	advmod
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 bird	det
3	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/t4/