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Test 8 · Words that changed their meaning

Your grandad, a big fan of old films, says "Bully for you!" when you win a race. What does he mean?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: grandad, you, fan · What happens: say, win, mean · To what, where: Bully, race · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 of lesson 38 «Words that changed their meaning» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your grandad, a big fan of old films, says "Bully for you!" when you win a race.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	2 grandad	nmod:poss
2	grandad	grandad	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 says	nsubj
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 fan	punct
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 fan	det
5	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 fan	amod
6	fan	fan	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 grandad	conj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 films	case
8	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 films	amod
9	films	film	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 fan	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 grandad	punct
11	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 Bully	punct
13	Bully	bully	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 says	obj
14	for	for	ADP	_	15 you	case
15	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	13 Bully	nmod
16	!	!	PUNCT	_	13 Bully	punct
17	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 Bully	punct
18	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	20 win	advmod
19	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	20 win	nsubj
20	win	win	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 says	advcl
21	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	22 race	det
22	race	race	NOUN	Number=Sing	20 win	obj
23	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your grandad and a big fan of old films	Bully				for you	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent bully=Topic
2	win	present	you	a race					vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent race=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What does he mean?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 mean	obj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 mean	aux
3	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 mean	nsubj
4	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present · do-support	fan						vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

You should fight the other runners

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	3 fight	nsubj
2	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 fight	aux
3	fight	fight	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 runners	det
5	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 runners	amod
6	runners	runner	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 fight	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fight	should	You	the other runners					vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent runner=Co-Agent

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Well done (an old phrase keeping the good sense of "bully")

The tree, 11 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	2 done	advmod
2	done	do	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
3	(	(	PUNCT	_	6 phrase	punct
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 phrase	det
5	old	old	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 phrase	amod
6	phrase	phrase	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 done	appos
7	keeping	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	6 phrase	acl
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 sense	det
9	good	good	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 sense	amod
10	sense	sense	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 keeping	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 bully	case
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 bully	punct
13	bully	bully	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 sense	nmod
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 bully	punct
15	)	)	PUNCT	_	6 phrase	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	do	participle						well property	vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	keep	gerund	a old phrase not said here	the good sense of bully					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sense=Theme
3	sense			bully					nom sense «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

You're as strong as a bull

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	4 strong	nsubj
2	're	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 strong	cop
3	as	as	ADV	_	4 strong	advmod
4	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	as	as	ADP	_	7 bull	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 bull	det
7	bull	bull	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 strong	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	You					as a bull; strong property	tree rules

Option 4

You pushed the others like a bully and he's cross with you

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	You	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	2 pushed	nsubj
2	pushed	push	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 others	det
4	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 pushed	obj
5	like	like	ADP	_	7 bully	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 bully	det
7	bully	bully	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 others	nmod
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 cross	cc
9	he	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 cross	nsubj
10	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 cross	cop
11	cross	cross	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 pushed	conj
12	with	with	ADP	_	13 you	case
13	you	you	PRON	Case=Acc Person=2 PronType=Prs	11 cross	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	push	past	You	the others				like a bully	vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent other=Theme
2	is	present	he					with you; cross property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/38-words-that-changed-their-meaning/t8/