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Test 7 · ★ · Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sent…

Harry writes "We went to the beach. Because it was sunny. And we swam." Which part can't stand alone as a sentence?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: Harry, We, beach, part · What happens: write, go, be, swim, not stand · To what, where: beach · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 7 · ★ of lesson 6 «Prepositions and conjunctions: little words that hold sentences together» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Harry writes "We went to the beach.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Harry	Harry	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 writes	nsubj
2	writes	write	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 went	punct
4	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	5 went	nsubj
5	went	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 writes	ccomp
6	to	to	ADP	_	8 beach	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 beach	det
8	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 went	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 writes	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	write	present	Harry						vn say-37.7-1 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	go in a quote	past	We			the beach			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to beach=Initial_Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Because it was sunny.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Because	because	SCONJ	_	4 sunny	mark
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 sunny	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 sunny	cop
4	sunny	sunny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
5	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 sunny	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	beach					sunny property	tree rules

Sentence 3: And we swam."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	3 swam	cc
2	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 swam	nsubj
3	swam	swim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 swam	punct
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 swam	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	swim	past	we						vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Sentence 4: Which part can't stand alone as a sentence?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	DET	PronType=Int	2 part	det
2	part	part	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stand	nsubj
3	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 stand	aux
4	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 stand	advmod
5	stand	stand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	alone	alone	ADV	_	5 stand	advmod
7	as	as	ADP	_	9 sentence	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 sentence	det
9	sentence	sentence	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 stand	obl
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 stand	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not stand	can	which part					as a sentence; alone property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

The options

Option 1

We went to the beach

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	We	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	2 went	nsubj
2	went	go	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	ADP	_	5 beach	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 beach	det
5	beach	beach	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 went	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	go	past	We			the beach			vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme to beach=Initial_Location

Option 2

None of them can stand alone

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	None	none	PRON	PronType=Neg	5 stand	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	3 them	case
3	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	1 None	nmod
4	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 stand	aux
5	stand	stand	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	alone	alone	ADV	_	5 stand	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stand	can	None					alone property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Because it was sunny

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Because	because	SCONJ	_	4 sunny	mark
2	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 sunny	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 sunny	cop
4	sunny	sunny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	it					sunny property	tree rules

Option 4

And we swam

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	And	and	CCONJ	_	3 swam	cc
2	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	3 swam	nsubj
3	swam	swim	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	swim	past	we						vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/6-prepositions-and-conjunctions/t7/