Exam question 4 · The lemonade stand: cost, price, profit and loss

Identify the principal reason for which the partners in an enterprise should agree upon the division of profit before trading commences.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, partners, trading · What happens: identify, agree, commence · To what, where: principal reason

This is exam question 4 of lesson 31 «The lemonade stand: cost, price, profit and loss» of the money course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 reason	det
3	principal	principal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 reason	amod
4	reason	reason	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
5	for	for	ADP	_	6 which	case
6	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 agree	obl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 partners	det
8	partners	partner	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 agree	nsubj
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 enterprise	case
10	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 enterprise	det
11	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 partners	nmod
12	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	13 agree	aux
13	agree	agree	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 reason	parataxis
14	upon	upon	ADP	_	16 division	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 division	det
16	division	division	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 agree	obl
17	of	of	ADP	_	18 profit	case
18	profit	profit	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 division	nmod
19	before	before	SCONJ	_	21 commences	mark
20	trading	trading	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 commences	nsubj
21	commences	commence	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 agree	advcl
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principal reason		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent reason=Theme
2	agree speech: agree	should	the partners in a enterprise		for the principal reason; upon the division of profit	vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	commence	present	trading			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Compliance with a requirement that all profit be paid as tax

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Compliance	compliance	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
2	with	with	ADP	_	4 requirement	case
3	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	4 requirement	det
4	requirement	requirement	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Compliance	nmod
5	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 paid	nsubj:pass
6	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	7 profit	det
7	profit	profit	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 paid	nsubj:pass
8	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 paid	aux:pass
9	paid	pay	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 requirement	acl:relcl
10	as	as	ADP	_	11 tax	case
11	tax	tax	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 paid	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pay	infinitive · passive		a requirement				as tax	vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset

Option 2

The determination of the price of the goods sold

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 determination	det
2	determination	determination	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 sold	nsubj:pass
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 price	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 price	det
5	price	price	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 determination	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 goods	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 goods	det
8	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	5 price	nmod
9	sold	sell	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	sell	participle · passive		the determination of the price of the goods					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme
2	determine		the price of the goods						nom determination «act intransitive»: of=agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

The avoidance of disputes once the profit is known

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 avoidance	det
2	avoidance	avoidance	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 known	nsubj:pass
3	of	of	ADP	_	4 disputes	case
4	disputes	dispute	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 avoidance	nmod
5	once	once	SCONJ	_	7 profit	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 profit	det
7	profit	profit	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 disputes	nmod
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 known	aux:pass
9	known	know	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	know	present · passive		the avoidance of disputes once the profit					vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Stimulus
2	avoid			disputes once the profit					nom avoidance «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

The prevention of any profit from being made

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 prevention	det
2	prevention	prevention	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	of	of	ADP	_	5 profit	case
4	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	5 profit	det
5	profit	profit	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 prevention	nmod
6	from	from	SCONJ	_	8 made	mark
7	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 made	aux:pass
8	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 prevention	acl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	gerund · passive		the prevention of any profit not said here					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»
2	prevent			any profit					nom prevention «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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