Exam question 3 · Inflation explained with a chocolate bar

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises inflation?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: inflation

This is exam question 3 of lesson 34 «Inflation explained with a chocolate bar» of the money course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	inflation	inflation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		inflation				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

A fixed charge imposed by the government upon chocolate

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 charge	det
2	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 charge	amod
3	charge	charge	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	imposed	impose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 charge	acl
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 government	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 government	det
7	government	government	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 imposed	obl:agent
8	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 chocolate	case
9	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 imposed	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	fix	participle							vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient
2	impose	participle		a fixed charge not said here				upon chocolate	vn enforce-63 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Option 2

An increase in the quantity of air contained in an article

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 increase	det
2	increase	increase	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 quantity	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 quantity	det
5	quantity	quantity	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 increase	nmod
6	of	of	ADP	_	7 air	case
7	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 quantity	nmod
8	contained	contain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 increase	acl
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 article	case
10	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 article	det
11	article	article	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 contained	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	contain	participle		a increase in the quantity of air not said here		a article			vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent in article=Location

Option 3

A general fall in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases more goods

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 fall	det
2	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 fall	amod
3	fall	fall	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 purchases	nsubj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 prices	case
5	prices	price	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 fall	nmod
6	over	over	ADP	_	7 time	case
7	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 fall	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 purchases	punct
9	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	13 purchases	advmod
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 sum	det
11	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 sum	amod
12	sum	sum	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 purchases	nsubj
13	purchases	purchase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
14	more	more	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	15 goods	amod
15	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	13 purchases	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	participle							vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
2	purchase	present	a general fall in prices over time	more goods				whereby property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset goods=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

A general rise in prices over time, whereby a given sum purchases fewer goods

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 rise	det
2	general	general	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 rise	amod
3	rise	rise	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 purchases	nsubj
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 prices	case
5	prices	price	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 rise	nmod
6	over	over	ADP	_	7 time	case
7	time	time	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 rise	nmod
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 purchases	punct
9	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	13 purchases	advmod
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 sum	det
11	given	give	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 sum	amod
12	sum	sum	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 purchases	nsubj
13	purchases	purchase	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
14	fewer	few	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	15 goods	amod
15	goods	goods	NOUN	Number=Ptan	13 purchases	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	participle							vn break_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient
2	purchase	present	a general rise in prices over time	fewer goods				whereby property	vn obtain-13.5.2-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset goods=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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