Exam question 4 · Inflation explained with a chocolate bar

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the causes of elevated inflation.

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, elevate, cause · To what, where: response, causes, elevated inflation

This is exam question 4 of lesson 34 «Inflation explained with a chocolate bar» of the money course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 response	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Select	obj
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	xcomp
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 causes	det
11	causes	cause	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 concerning	obj
12	of	of	ADP	_	14 inflation	case
13	elevated	elevate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	14 inflation	amod
14	inflation	inflation	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 causes	nmod
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the response	consistent property	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent response=Theme
2	establish	participle				vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the causes of elevated inflation		vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus cause=Experiencer
4	elevate	participle				vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
5	cause			elevated inflation		nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Economists unanimously attribute it to a single cause

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Economists	economist	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 attribute	nsubj
2	unanimously	unanimously	ADV	_	3 attribute	advmod
3	attribute	attribute	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 attribute	obj
5	to	to	ADP	_	8 cause	case
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 cause	det
7	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 cause	amod
8	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 attribute	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attribute	infinitive	Economists	it				to a single cause; unanimously property	tree rules

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice

It arises exclusively from the conduct of children who spend their pocket money

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 arises	nsubj
2	arises	arise	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	exclusively	exclusively	ADV	_	2 arises	advmod
4	from	from	ADP	_	6 conduct	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 conduct	det
6	conduct	conduct	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 arises	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 children	case
8	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 conduct	nmod
9	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 spend	nsubj
10	spend	spend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 children	acl:relcl
11	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	13 money	nmod:poss
12	pocket	pocket	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 money	compound
13	money	money	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 spend	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	arise	present	It		the conduct of children	exclusively property	vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	spend	present	children	children's pocket money			vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset
3	conduct			children			nom conduct «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

It has no cause and cannot be influenced by any measure

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 has	nsubj
2	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	4 cause	det
4	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 has	obj
5	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 influenced	cc
6	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 influenced	aux
7	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 influenced	advmod
8	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	9 influenced	aux:pass
9	influenced	influence	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 has	conj
10	by	by	ADP	_	12 measure	case
11	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	12 measure	det
12	measure	measure	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 influenced	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	It	no cause					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cause=Patient
2	not influence	can · passive	any measure						vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Economists disagree, and several causes may operate concurrently

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Economists	economist	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 disagree	nsubj
2	disagree	disagree	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 operate	punct
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 operate	cc
5	several	several	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 causes	amod
6	causes	cause	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 operate	nsubj
7	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	8 operate	aux
8	operate	operate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 disagree	conj
9	concurrently	concurrently	ADV	_	8 operate	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	disagree	present	Economists						vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	operate	may	several causes					concurrently property	vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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