Exam question 3 · Explorers, scientists and inventors

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the contribution of Galileo Galilei in respect of the telescope?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, contribute, respect · To what, where: contribution, respect, Galileo Galilei, telescope

This is exam question 3 of lesson 20 «Explorers, scientists and inventors» of the myths course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 contribution	det
10	contribution	contribution	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 Galilei	case
12	Galileo	Galileo	PROPN	Number=Sing	13 Galilei	flat
13	Galilei	Galilei	PROPN	Number=Sing	10 contribution	nmod
14	in	in	ADP	_	15 respect	case
15	respect	respect	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
16	of	of	ADP	_	18 telescope	case
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	18 telescope	det
18	telescope	telescope	NOUN	Number=Sing	15 respect	nmod
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the contribution of Galileo Galilei	respect of the telescope	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	contribute		Galileo Galilei			nom contribution «act transitive»: of=patient
4	respect		the telescope			nom respect «cognition transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

He was the original inventor of the telescope

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 inventor	nsubj
2	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 inventor	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 inventor	det
4	original	original	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 inventor	amod
5	inventor	inventor	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 telescope	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 telescope	det
8	telescope	telescope	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 inventor	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	past	He	the original inventor				of the telescope	tree rules

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

He improved an existing invention and applied it to astronomy

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 improved	nsubj
2	improved	improve	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 invention	det
4	existing	exist	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 invention	amod
5	invention	invention	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 improved	obj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 applied	cc
7	applied	apply	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 improved	conj
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 applied	obj
9	to	to	ADP	_	10 astronomy	case
10	astronomy	astronomy	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 applied	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	improve	past	He	a existing invention		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent invention=Patient
2	exist	gerund				vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	apply	past	He not said here	invention	to astronomy	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Option 3

He employed it solely for the observation of ships approaching harbour

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 employed	nsubj
2	employed	employ	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 employed	obj
4	solely	solely	ADV	_	2 employed	advmod
5	for	for	ADP	_	7 observation	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 observation	det
7	observation	observation	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 employed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 ships	case
9	ships	ship	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 observation	nmod
10	approaching	approach	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 ships	acl
11	harbour	harbour	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 approaching	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	employ	past	He	it	for the observation of ships; solely property	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent it=Theme for observation=Eventuality
2	approach	gerund	ships not said here	harbour		vn confront-98 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent harbour=Theme
3	observe			ships		nom observation «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

He prohibited its use for observing the heavens

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 prohibited	nsubj
2	prohibited	prohibit	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 use	nmod:poss
4	use	use	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 prohibited	obj
5	for	for	SCONJ	_	6 observing	mark
6	observing	observe	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 prohibited	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 heavens	det
8	heavens	heaven	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 observing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	prohibit	past	He	its use	vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer use=Theme
2	observe	gerund	He not said here	the heavens	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent heaven=Topic
3	use		its = it		nom use «act transitive»: poss=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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