Exam question 1 · Pushes and pulls: what makes things move and stop

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the cause of the cessation of motion in a rolling ball?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris, roll, cause, cease · To what, where: cause, rolling ball, cessation, motion

This is exam question 1 of lesson 4 «Pushes and pulls: what makes things move and stop» of the physics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 cause	det
10	cause	cause	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 cessation	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 cessation	det
13	cessation	cessation	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 cause	nmod
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 motion	case
15	motion	motion	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 cessation	nmod
16	in	in	ADP	_	19 ball	case
17	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 ball	det
18	rolling	roll	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	19 ball	amod
19	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
20	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	the cause of the cessation of motion	a rolling ball	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	roll	gerund				vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	cause		the cessation of motion			nom cause «event transitive»: of=patient
5	cease		motion			nom cessation «event transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The ball ceases to move after a fixed interval

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ball	det
2	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 ceases	nsubj
3	ceases	cease	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	PART	_	5 move	mark
5	move	move	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 ceases	xcomp
6	after	after	ADP	_	9 interval	case
7	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 interval	det
8	fixed	fix	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 interval	amod
9	interval	interval	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 move	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	when	roles by
1	cease	present	the ball		vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality
2	move	to-infinitive	the ball not said here	after a fixed interval	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
3	fix	participle			vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient

Option 2

The ball exhausts an internal store of motion

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 ball	det
2	ball	ball	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exhausts	nsubj
3	exhausts	exhaust	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 store	det
5	internal	internal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 store	amod
6	store	store	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 exhausts	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 motion	case
8	motion	motion	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 store	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exhaust	present	the ball	a internal store of motion					vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus store=Experiencer

Option 3

The gravitational attraction acts horizontally against it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 attraction	det
2	gravitational	gravitational	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 attraction	amod
3	attraction	attraction	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 acts	nsubj
4	acts	act	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	horizontally	horizontally	ADV	_	4 acts	advmod
6	against	against	ADP	_	7 it	case
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 acts	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	act	present	the gravitational attraction					against it; horizontally property	vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

Forces exerted by the ground and the air act in opposition to its motion

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Forces	force	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
2	exerted	exert	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Forces	acl
3	by	by	ADP	_	5 ground	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 ground	det
5	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 exerted	obl
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 act	cc
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 act	det
8	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 act	compound
9	act	act	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 ground	conj
10	in	in	ADP	_	11 opposition	case
11	opposition	opposition	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 act	nmod
12	to	to	ADP	_	14 motion	case
13	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 motion	nmod:poss
14	motion	motion	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 exerted	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	exert	participle		Forces not said here				by the ground and the air act in opposition; to opposition's motion	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	motion		opposition						nom motion «communication intransitive»: poss=agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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