Exam question 3 · US elections and the president, as reported

Select the response consistent with the established facts concerning the presidential election of 2020, as reported.

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, established facts · What happens: select, establish, concern, report · To what, where: consistent, presidential election

This is exam question 3 of lesson 16 «US elections and the president, as reported» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Select	select	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 consistent	det
3	response	response	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 consistent	obl:unmarked
4	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Select	obj
5	with	with	ADP	_	8 facts	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 facts	det
7	established	establish	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 facts	amod
8	facts	fact	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 consistent	obl
9	concerning	concern	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	8 facts	acl
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 election	det
11	presidential	presidential	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 election	amod
12	election	election	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 concerning	obj
13	of	of	ADP	_	14 2020	case
14	2020	2020	NUM	NumForm=Digit NumType=Card	12 election	nmod
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	17 reported	punct
16	as	as	SCONJ	_	17 reported	mark
17	reported	report	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	1 Select	parataxis
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Select	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	select	imperative	you not said here	the consistent	vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent consistent=Theme
2	establish	participle			vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Pivot
3	concern	gerund	the established facts not said here	the presidential election of 2020	vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus election=Experiencer
4	report	participle			vn characterize-29.2-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Judicial proceedings reversed the result in favour of the candidate who had lost, after which Congress certified the amended result

The tree, 20 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Judicial	judicial	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 proceedings	amod
2	proceedings	proceedings	NOUN	Number=Ptan	3 reversed	nsubj
3	reversed	reverse	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 result	det
5	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reversed	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 favour	case
7	favour	favour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 reversed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 candidate	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 candidate	det
10	candidate	candidate	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 favour	nmod
11	who	who	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 lost	nsubj
12	had	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	13 lost	aux
13	lost	lose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	10 candidate	acl:relcl
14	,	,	PUNCT	_	18 certified	punct
15	after	after	ADP	_	16 which	case
16	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	18 certified	obl
17	Congress	Congress	PROPN	Number=Sing	18 certified	nsubj
18	certified	certify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	3 reversed	conj
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 result	det
20	amended	amend	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	21 result	amod
21	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 certified	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	reverse	past	Judicial proceedings	the result	favour of the candidate	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent result=Patient
2	lose	past · perfect	the candidate			vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	certify	past	Congress	the amended result		vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent result=Theme
4	amend	participle				tree rules
5	favour			the candidate		nom favour «feeling transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

No recount or audit was undertaken in any state

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	DET	PronType=Neg	2 recount	det
2	recount	recount	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 undertaken	nsubj:pass
3	or	or	CCONJ	_	4 audit	cc
4	audit	audit	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 recount	conj
5	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	6 undertaken	aux:pass
6	undertaken	undertake	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
7	in	in	ADP	_	9 state	case
8	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	9 state	det
9	state	state	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 undertaken	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	undertake	past · passive		no recount or audit		any state			vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality

Option 3

Congress declined to certify any result

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Congress	Congress	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 declined	nsubj
2	declined	decline	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	to	to	PART	_	4 certify	mark
4	certify	certify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 declined	xcomp
5	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	6 result	det
6	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 certify	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	decline	past	Congress						vn reject-77.2 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	not certify	to-infinitive	Congress not said here	any result					vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent result=Theme

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Recounts, audits and judicial proceedings did not identify fraud sufficient to alter the result, which Congress certified

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Recounts	recount	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 identify	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 audits	punct
3	audits	audit	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Recounts	conj
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	6 proceedings	cc
5	judicial	judicial	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 proceedings	amod
6	proceedings	proceedings	NOUN	Number=Ptan	1 Recounts	conj
7	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	9 identify	aux
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 identify	advmod
9	identify	identify	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
10	fraud	fraud	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 identify	obj
11	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 identify	xcomp
12	to	to	PART	_	13 alter	mark
13	alter	alter	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 sufficient	advcl
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 result	det
15	result	result	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 alter	obj
16	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 certified	punct
17	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	19 certified	nsubj
18	Congress	Congress	PROPN	Number=Sing	19 certified	nsubj
19	certified	certify	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	15 result	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	not identify	past · do-support	Recounts and audits and judicial proceedings	fraud	sufficient property	vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent fraud=Theme
2	alter	to-infinitive	Recounts and audits and judicial proceedings not said here	the result		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent result=Patient
3	certify	past	the result			vn patent-101 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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