Exam question 1 · Why wars happen and why they are hard to stop; the UN and…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises a ceasefire?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: ceasefire

This is exam question 1 of lesson 23 «Why wars happen and why they are hard to stop; the UN and NATO» of the politics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 ceasefire	det
10	ceasefire	ceasefire	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		a ceasefire				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

A final settlement determining all questions of territory, security and justice between the parties

The tree, 14 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 settlement	det
2	final	final	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 settlement	amod
3	settlement	settlement	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
4	determining	determine	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 settlement	acl
5	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	6 questions	det
6	questions	question	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 determining	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 territory	case
8	territory	territory	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 questions	nmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 security	punct
10	security	security	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 settlement	conj
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 justice	cc
12	justice	justice	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 settlement	conj
13	between	between	ADP	_	15 parties	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 parties	det
15	parties	party	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 settlement	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	determine	gerund	a final settlement between the parties and security and justice not said here	all questions of territory					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent question=Topic
2	question			territory					nom question «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

A declaration that one party has achieved total victory

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 declaration	det
2	declaration	declaration	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 achieved	nsubj:pass
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	5 party	mark
4	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	5 party	nummod
5	party	party	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 declaration	acl
6	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 achieved	aux
7	achieved	achieve	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	total	total	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 victory	amod
9	victory	victory	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 achieved	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	achieve	present · perfect · passive		a declaration					tree rules

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

An agreement whereby the parties suspend hostilities for a period, which does not of itself constitute peace

The tree, 17 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 agreement	det
2	agreement	agreement	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 constitute	nsubj
3	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	6 suspend	advmod
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 parties	det
5	parties	party	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 suspend	nsubj
6	suspend	suspend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 agreement	acl:relcl
7	hostilities	hostility	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 suspend	obj
8	for	for	ADP	_	10 period	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 period	det
10	period	period	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 suspend	obl
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 does	punct
12	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	13 does	nsubj
13	does	do	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	17 constitute	advcl
14	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	16 itself	advmod
15	of	of	ADP	_	16 itself	case
16	itself	itself	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	13 does	obl
17	constitute	constitute	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
18	peace	peace	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 constitute	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	suspend	present	the parties	hostilities	for a period; whereby property	vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hostility=Theme
2	do	present			of agreement	vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	constitute	infinitive	a agreement	peace		vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme peace=Pivot

Option 4

A treaty establishing a new international organisation

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	2 treaty	det
2	treaty	treaty	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	establishing	establish	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 treaty	acl
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 organisation	det
5	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 organisation	amod
6	international	international	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 organisation	amod
7	organisation	organisation	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 establishing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	establish	gerund	a treaty not said here	a new international organisation					vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent organisation=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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