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Test 12 · Why wars happen and why they are hard to stop; the UN and…

Chloe asks: «Can't they just talk?» What is true?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: Chloe, they · What happens: ask, not talk, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 of lesson 23 «Why wars happen and why they are hard to stop; the UN and NATO» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Chloe asks: «Can't they just talk?»

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Chloe	Chloe	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 asks	nsubj
2	asks	ask	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	:	:	PUNCT	_	2 asks	punct
4	«	«	PUNCT	_	9 talk	punct
5	Ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 talk	aux
6	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 talk	advmod
7	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 talk	nsubj
8	just	just	ADV	_	9 talk	advmod
9	talk	talk	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 asks	ccomp
10	?	?	PUNCT	_	9 talk	punct
11	»	»	PUNCT	_	9 talk	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ask speech: ask	present	Chloe						vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	not talk in a quote	can	they						vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Countries never talk to each other at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Countries	country	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 talk	nsubj
2	never	never	ADV	PronType=Neg	3 talk	advmod
3	talk	talk	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	to	to	ADP	_	5 each	case
5	each	each	DET	ExtPos=PRON PronType=Rcp	3 talk	obl
6	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 each	fixed
7	at	at	ADP	_	8 all	case
8	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	3 talk	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not talk	present	Countries			all		to each	vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to each=Co-Agent

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Most quarrels are settled by talking; war comes when talking fails or one side uses force

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 quarrels	amod
2	quarrels	quarrel	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 settled	nsubj:pass
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 settled	aux:pass
4	settled	settle	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	SCONJ	_	6 talking	mark
6	talking	talk	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 settled	advcl
7	;	;	PUNCT	_	9 comes	punct
8	war	war	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 comes	nsubj
9	comes	come	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 settled	parataxis
10	when	when	SCONJ	_	12 fails	mark
11	talking	talk	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	12 fails	nsubj
12	fails	fail	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 comes	advcl
13	or	or	CCONJ	_	16 uses	cc
14	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	15 side	nummod
15	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 uses	nsubj
16	uses	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 comes	conj
17	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 uses	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	settle	present · passive		Most quarrels					vn odge-46-1 «NP V ADV»: subject=Location
2	talk	gerund							vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	come	present	war						vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4	talk	gerund							vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
5	fail	present							vn succeed-74-3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
6	use	present	one side	force					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Patient

Option 3

Talking always causes wars, so leaders should stay quiet

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Talking	talk	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 causes	nsubj
2	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	3 causes	advmod
3	causes	cause	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	wars	war	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 causes	obj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 stay	punct
6	so	so	ADV	_	9 stay	advmod
7	leaders	leader	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 stay	nsubj
8	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	9 stay	aux
9	stay	stay	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 causes	conj
10	quiet	quiet	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 stay	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	talk	gerund							vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	cause	present		wars				always property	vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition war=Patient
3	stay	should	leaders					quiet property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 4

Only children can stop wars by talking to their friends in other countries

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 children	advmod
2	children	child	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 stop	nsubj
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	4 stop	aux
4	stop	stop	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	wars	war	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 stop	obj
6	by	by	SCONJ	_	7 talking	mark
7	talking	talk	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 stop	advcl
8	to	to	ADP	_	10 friends	case
9	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 friends	nmod:poss
10	friends	friend	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 talking	obl
11	in	in	ADP	_	13 countries	case
12	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 countries	amod
13	countries	country	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 friends	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	stop	can	children	wars					vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Affector war=Eventuality
2	talk	gerund	children not said here					to children's friends in other countries	vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to friend=Co-Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/23-why-wars-happen-the-un-and-nato/t12/