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Test 8 · ★★★ · The King, the courts and the rules above the rules

Your formal grandmother says, "One is not obliged to be found guilty merely by being accused." What does she mean?

Mova's choice: option 2 · The right answer: option 2 · right ✓ · Who acts: formal grandmother, One · What happens: say, not oblige, find, accuse, mean · To what, where: One · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 8 · ★★★ of lesson 7 «The King, the courts and the rules above the rules» of the politics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Your formal grandmother says, "One is not obliged to be found guilty merely by being accused."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	3 grandmother	nmod:poss
2	formal	formal	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 grandmother	amod
3	grandmother	grandmother	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 says	punct
6	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 obliged	punct
7	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 obliged	nsubj:pass
8	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 obliged	aux:pass
9	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	10 obliged	advmod
10	obliged	oblige	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 says	ccomp
11	to	to	PART	_	13 found	mark
12	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	13 found	aux:pass
13	found	find	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 obliged	xcomp
14	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 found	xcomp
15	merely	merely	ADV	_	13 found	advmod
16	by	by	SCONJ	_	18 accused	mark
17	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	18 accused	aux:pass
18	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	13 found	advcl
19	.	.	PUNCT	_	10 obliged	punct
20	"	"	PUNCT	_	10 obliged	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Your formal grandmother						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	not oblige in a quote	present · passive		One					vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: subject=Patient clause=Result
3	find in a quote	to-infinitive · passive						guilty, merely property	vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»
4	accuse in a quote	gerund · passive							vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What does she mean?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	4 mean	obj
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 mean	aux
3	she	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 mean	nsubj
4	mean	mean	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
5	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 mean	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	mean	present · do-support	One						vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Topic

The options

Option 1

Only grandmothers can be accused

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 grandmothers	advmod
2	grandmothers	grandmother	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 accused	nsubj:pass
3	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 accused	aux
4	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	5 accused	aux:pass
5	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accuse	can · passive		grandmothers					vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme

Option 2 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

An accused person is not guilty unless a court decides

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	An	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 person	det
2	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 person	amod
3	person	person	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 guilty	nsubj
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 guilty	cop
5	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	6 guilty	advmod
6	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
7	unless	unless	SCONJ	_	10 decides	mark
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	9 court	det
9	court	court	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 decides	nsubj
10	decides	decide	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 guilty	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accuse	participle							vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent
2	not is	present	a accused person					guilty property	tree rules
3	decide a condition, not said to happen	present	a court						vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent

Option 3

Courts must find everyone guilty

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Courts	court	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 find	nsubj
2	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	3 find	aux
3	find	find	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	3 find	obj
5	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 find	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	find	must	Courts	everyone				guilty property	vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent everyone=Topic

Option 4

Accused people are always guilty, or they would not be accused

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 people	amod
2	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 guilty	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 guilty	cop
4	always	always	ADV	PronType=Tot	5 guilty	advmod
5	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	,	,	PUNCT	_	12 accused	punct
7	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 accused	cc
8	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	12 accused	nsubj:pass
9	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	12 accused	aux
10	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	12 accused	advmod
11	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	12 accused	aux:pass
12	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	5 guilty	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	accuse	participle							vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	Accused people					always, guilty property	tree rules
3	not accuse	would · passive		people					vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/politics/7-the-king-the-courts-and-the-rules-above-the-rules/t8/