Exam question 1 · The mind at night: replays, worst-case thinking and nightm…

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises nightmares experienced after a bereavement?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 4 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris, experience · To what, where: nightmares

This is exam question 1 of lesson 26 «The mind at night: replays, worst-case thinking and nightmares» of the reflection course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	nightmares	nightmare	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obj
10	experienced	experience	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	9 nightmares	acl
11	after	after	ADP	_	13 bereavement	case
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	13 bereavement	det
13	bereavement	bereavement	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 experienced	obl
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund				vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present	nightmares		of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	experience	participle	nightmares not said here	after a bereavement		vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

They constitute reliable predictions of future misfortune

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 constitute	nsubj
2	constitute	constitute	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	reliable	reliable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 predictions	amod
4	predictions	prediction	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 constitute	obj
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 misfortune	case
6	future	future	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 misfortune	amod
7	misfortune	misfortune	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 predictions	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	constitute	present	They	reliable predictions of future misfortune					vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme prediction=Pivot
2	predict			future misfortune					nom prediction «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

They indicate that a further bereavement is imminent

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 indicate	nsubj
2	indicate	indicate	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	that	that	SCONJ	_	8 imminent	mark
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 bereavement	det
5	further	further	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 bereavement	amod
6	bereavement	bereavement	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 imminent	nsubj
7	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 imminent	cop
8	imminent	imminent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 indicate	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	indicate	present	They						vn indicate-78-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot
2	is	present	a further bereavement					imminent property	tree rules

Option 3

They are experienced only by persons of poor character or weak nerve

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 experienced	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 experienced	aux:pass
3	experienced	experience	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	3 experienced	advmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	6 persons	case
6	persons	person	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 experienced	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 character	case
8	poor	poor	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 character	amod
9	character	character	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 persons	nmod
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	12 nerve	cc
11	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 nerve	amod
12	nerve	nerve	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 character	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	experience	present · passive	persons of poor character or weak nerve	They					vn sight-30.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer subject=Stimulus

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

They reflect the brain's processing of strong feelings and do not foretell events

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 reflect	nsubj
2	reflect	reflect	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 brain	det
4	brain	brain	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 processing	nmod:poss
5	's	's	PART	_	4 brain	case
6	processing	processing	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 reflect	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	9 feelings	case
8	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 feelings	amod
9	feelings	feeling	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 processing	nmod
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 foretell	cc
11	do	do	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	13 foretell	aux
12	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 foretell	advmod
13	foretell	foretell	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 reflect	conj
14	events	event	NOUN	Number=Plur	13 foretell	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	reflect	present	They	the brain's processing of strong feelings	tree rules
2	not foretell	infinitive · do-support	They not said here	events	vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent event=Theme
3	process		the brain	strong feelings	nom processing «process transitive»: poss=agent of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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