Test 11 · ★★ · How to argue: reasons and evidence

"everyone at school says that new kid is weird, so it must be true." What is weak about this?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: everyone, new kid, kid · What happens: say, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 11 · ★★ of lesson 39 «How to argue: reasons and evidence» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: "everyone at school says that new kid is weird, so it must be true."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 says	punct
2	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	5 says	nsubj
3	at	at	ADP	_	4 school	case
4	school	school	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 everyone	nmod
5	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	that	that	SCONJ	_	10 weird	mark
7	new	new	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 kid	amod
8	kid	kid	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 weird	nsubj
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 weird	cop
10	weird	weird	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 says	ccomp
11	,	,	PUNCT	_	16 true	punct
12	so	so	ADV	_	16 true	advmod
13	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	16 true	nsubj
14	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	16 true	aux
15	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	16 true	cop
16	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 weird	conj
17	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 says	punct
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	5 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert in a quote	present	everyone		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is in a quote	present	new kid	weird property	tree rules
3	is in a quote	must	kid	true property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is weak about this?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 weak	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 weak	cop
3	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	about	about	ADP	_	5 this	case
5	this	this	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	3 weak	obl
6	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 weak	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						about this; weak property	tree rules

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Many people saying it is not evidence; you should find out yourself

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 people	amod
2	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 evidence	nsubj
3	saying	say	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 people	acl
4	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 saying	obj
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 evidence	cop
6	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	7 evidence	advmod
7	evidence	evidence	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
8	;	;	PUNCT	_	7 evidence	punct
9	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	11 find	nsubj
10	should	should	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	11 find	aux
11	find	find	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	7 evidence	acl:relcl
12	out	out	ADP	_	11 find	compound:prt
13	yourself	yourself	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Sing Person=2 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes	11 find	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	say speech: assert	gerund	Many people not said here	it	vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic
2	not is a	present	Many people	evidence	tree rules
3	find out	should	you	yourself	vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent yourself=Topic

Option 2

Nothing, if everyone in the class says it then it must be true about him

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	8 says	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 says	punct
3	if	if	SCONJ	_	8 says	mark
4	everyone	everyone	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Tot	8 says	nsubj
5	in	in	ADP	_	7 class	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 class	det
7	class	class	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 everyone	nmod
8	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 says	obj
10	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	14 true	advmod
11	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 true	nsubj
12	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 true	aux
13	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	14 true	cop
14	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 says	ccomp
15	about	about	ADP	_	16 him	case
16	him	he	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 true	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Nothing	class					vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent it=Topic
2	is	must	class				then	about him = he; true property	tree rules

Option 3

It is weak only because the word weird is too long to say

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 weak	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 weak	cop
3	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	only	only	ADV	_	11 long	advmod
5	because	because	SCONJ	_	11 long	mark
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 word	det
7	word	word	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 long	nsubj
8	weird	weird	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 word	amod
9	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 long	cop
10	too	too	ADV	_	11 long	advmod
11	long	long	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 weak	advmod
12	to	to	PART	_	13 say	mark
13	say	say	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	11 long	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	present	It	weak property	tree rules
2	is	present	the word	long property	tree rules
3	say speech: assert	to-infinitive	the word not said here		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent

Option 4

It is weak because only teachers are allowed to judge kids

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 weak	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 weak	cop
3	weak	weak	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	because	because	SCONJ	_	8 allowed	mark
5	only	only	ADV	_	6 teachers	advmod
6	teachers	teacher	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 allowed	nsubj:pass
7	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 allowed	aux:pass
8	allowed	allow	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 weak	advcl
9	to	to	PART	_	10 judge	mark
10	judge	judge	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 allowed	xcomp
11	kids	kid	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 judge	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	It		weak property	tree rules
2	allow	present · passive		teachers		vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality
3	judge not said to happen	to-infinitive	teachers not said here	kids		vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent kid=Value

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/religion-ethics/39-how-to-argue-reasons-and-evidence/t11/