Exam question 4 · Owning up when it is hard

Ascertain which statement concerning courage is consistent with the view attributed to Aristotle.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you, concerning courage · What happens: ascertain, be, attribute · To what, where: statement, view

This is exam question 4 of lesson 91 «Owning up when it is hard» of the religion ethics course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	which	which	DET	PronType=Int	3 statement	det
3	statement	statement	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Ascertain	obj
4	concerning	concerning	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 courage	amod
5	courage	courage	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 consistent	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 consistent	cop
7	consistent	consistent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 statement	acl:relcl
8	with	with	ADP	_	10 view	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 view	det
10	view	view	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 consistent	obl
11	attributed	attribute	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 view	acl
12	to	to	ADP	_	13 Aristotle	case
13	Aristotle	Aristotle	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 attributed	obl:agent
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Ascertain	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	ascertain	imperative	you not said here	which statement		vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent statement=Topic
2	is	present	concerning courage	which statement not said here	with the view; consistent property	tree rules
3	attribute	participle		the view not said here		tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Courage consists in doing what is right notwithstanding fear

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	SCONJ	_	4 doing	mark
4	doing	do	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 consists	advcl
5	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	7 right	nsubj
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 right	cop
7	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 fear	amod
8	notwithstanding	notwithstand	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	9 fear	amod
9	fear	fear	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 doing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	consist	present	Courage			tree rules
2	do	gerund	Courage not said here	right notwithstanding fear		vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fear=Eventuality
3	is	present	right notwithstanding fear		right property	tree rules
4	notwithstand	gerund				tree rules

Option 2

Courage consists in the complete absence of fear

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	6 absence	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 absence	det
5	complete	complete	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 absence	amod
6	absence	absence	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	obl
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 fear	case
8	fear	fear	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 absence	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	Courage			the complete absence of fear			tree rules
2	absent			fear					nom absence «state transitive»: of=patient

Option 3

Courage consists in the defeat of all one's rivals in combat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 defeat	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 defeat	det
5	defeat	defeat	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	10 rivals	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 one	det
8	one	one	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 rivals	nmod:poss
9	's	's	PART	_	8 one	case
10	rivals	rival	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 defeat	nmod
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 combat	case
12	combat	combat	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 rivals	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	Courage			the defeat of all one's rivals in combat			tree rules
2	defeat			all one's rivals in combat					nom defeat «event transitive»: of=patient

Option 4

Courage consists in the avoidance of all danger

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Courage	courage	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	nsubj
2	consists	consist	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 avoidance	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 avoidance	det
5	avoidance	avoidance	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 consists	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 danger	case
7	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	8 danger	det
8	danger	danger	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 avoidance	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	consist	present	Courage			the avoidance of all danger			tree rules
2	avoid			all danger					nom avoidance «act transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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