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Test 7 · ★ · Stars: what they are

Most stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs. Why can't we see any of them without a telescope?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Most stars, we · What happens: be, not see · To what, where: red dwarfs, any

This is test 7 · ★ of lesson 17 «Stars: what they are» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Most stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Most	most	ADJ	Degree=Sup	2 stars	amod
2	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 dwarfs	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 galaxy	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 galaxy	det
5	galaxy	galaxy	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 stars	nmod
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 dwarfs	cop
7	red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 dwarfs	amod
8	dwarfs	dwarf	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 dwarfs	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present	Most stars in the galaxy	red dwarfs					tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: Why can't we see any of them without a telescope?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 see	advmod
2	ca	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 see	aux
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 see	advmod
4	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	5 see	nsubj
5	see	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	any	any	DET	PronType=Ind	5 see	obj
7	of	of	ADP	_	8 them	case
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	6 any	nmod
9	without	without	ADP	_	11 telescope	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	11 telescope	det
11	telescope	telescope	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 see	obl
12	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 see	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not see	can	we	any				without a telescope	vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer any=Stimulus

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

They only shine in the daytime

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 shine	nsubj
2	only	only	ADV	_	3 shine	advmod
3	shine	shine	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 daytime	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 daytime	det
6	daytime	daytime	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 shine	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shine	present	They			the daytime			vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in daytime=Location

Option 2

They are hidden behind the Sun

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 hidden	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 hidden	aux:pass
3	hidden	hide	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	behind	behind	ADP	_	6 Sun	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 Sun	det
6	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 hidden	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hide	present · passive		They		the Sun			vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Patient behind sun=Location

Option 3

They are black and give no light

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 black	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 black	cop
3	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 give	cc
5	give	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 black	conj
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 light	det
7	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 give	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They					black property	tree rules
2	give	present	They not said here	no light					vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent light=Theme

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

They are all too dim

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	5 dim	nsubj
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 dim	cop
3	all	all	ADV	_	5 dim	advmod
4	too	too	ADV	_	5 dim	advmod
5	dim	dim	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	They					all, dim property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/17-stars-what-they-are/t7/