Exam question 1 · Galaxies and the Big Bang

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the Big Bang theory?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: Bang theory

This is exam question 1 of lesson 24 «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	12 theory	det
10	Big	Big	PROPN	Number=Sing	11 Bang	compound
11	Bang	Bang	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 theory	compound
12	theory	theory	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
13	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the Bang theory				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The universe originated as an explosion at a single point situated in empty space

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 universe	det
2	universe	universe	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
3	originated	originate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 universe	acl
4	as	as	ADP	_	6 explosion	case
5	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	6 explosion	det
6	explosion	explosion	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 originated	obl
7	at	at	ADP	_	10 point	case
8	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 point	det
9	single	single	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 point	amod
10	point	point	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 originated	obl
11	situated	situate	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 point	acl
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 space	case
13	empty	empty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 space	amod
14	space	space	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 situated	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	originate	participle		the universe not said here		a single point		as a explosion	vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
2	situate	participle		a single point not said here		empty space			vn put-9.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent in space=Destination

Option 2

The universe has remained unchanged in size throughout its existence

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 universe	det
2	universe	universe	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 remained	nsubj:pass
3	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 remained	aux
4	remained	remain	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	unchanged	unchanged	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 remained	xcomp
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 size	case
7	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 remained	obl
8	throughout	throughout	ADP	_	10 existence	case
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 existence	nmod:poss
10	existence	existence	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 remained	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	remain	present · perfect · passive		the universe		size	throughout universe's existence	unchanged property	vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Attribute
2	exist		universe						nom existence «state intransitive»: poss=agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

The universe was formerly hot and dense and has since expanded and cooled

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 universe	det
2	universe	universe	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 hot	nsubj
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	5 hot	cop
4	formerly	formerly	ADV	_	5 hot	advmod
5	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	7 dense	cc
7	dense	dense	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 hot	conj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	11 expanded	cc
9	has	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 expanded	aux
10	since	since	SCONJ	_	11 expanded	mark
11	expanded	expand	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part	5 hot	conj
12	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 cooled	cc
13	cooled	cool	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 expanded	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	is	past	the universe	formerly, hot property	tree rules
2	be		the universe not said here		tree rules
3	expand	present · perfect	the universe not said here		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
4	cool	participle	the universe not said here		vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

The universe was formed by the explosion of the Sun

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 universe	det
2	universe	universe	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 formed	nsubj:pass
3	was	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	4 formed	aux:pass
4	formed	form	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 explosion	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 explosion	det
7	explosion	explosion	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 formed	obl
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 Sun	case
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 Sun	det
10	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	7 explosion	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	past · passive	the explosion of the Sun	the universe					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location subject=Theme
2	explode			the Sun					nom explosion «event transitive»: of=patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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