Test 11 · ★ · Galaxies and the Big Bang

why don't galaxies fly apart if they spin so fast

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 1 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: galaxies · What happens: not fly apart, spin

This is test 11 · ★ of lesson 24 «Galaxies and the Big Bang» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 fly	advmod
2	do	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fly	aux
3	n't	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	5 fly	advmod
4	galaxies	galaxy	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 fly	nsubj
5	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	apart	apart	ADV	_	5 fly	advmod
7	if	if	SCONJ	_	9 spin	mark
8	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 spin	nsubj
9	spin	spin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 fly	advcl
10	so	so	ADV	_	11 fast	advmod
11	fast	fast	ADV	Degree=Pos	9 spin	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not fly apart	present · do-support	galaxies					apart property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	spin a condition, not said to happen	present	galaxies = galaxy					fast property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ✓ the right answer

Astronomers think dark matter's gravity holds them

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 think	nsubj
2	think	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 matter	amod
4	matter	matter	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 gravity	nmod:poss
5	's	's	PART	_	4 matter	case
6	gravity	gravity	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 holds	nsubj
7	holds	hold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 think	ccomp
8	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 holds	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	think speech: other	present	Astronomers						vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	hold	present	dark matter's gravity	Astronomers = astronomer					vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme

Option 2

They are glued together by the light that shines between stars

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 glued	nsubj:pass
2	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 glued	aux:pass
3	glued	glue	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
4	together	together	ADV	_	3 glued	advmod
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 light	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 light	det
7	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 glued	obl
8	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	9 shines	nsubj
9	shines	shine	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 light	acl:relcl
10	between	between	ADP	_	11 stars	case
11	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 shines	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	glue	present · passive	the light	They				together property	vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
2	shine	present	the light			stars			vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between star=Location

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

They spin slowly really, much slower than it looks in photos

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 spin	nsubj
2	spin	spin	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	slowly	slowly	ADV	_	2 spin	advmod
4	really	really	ADV	_	2 spin	advmod
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 slower	punct
6	much	much	ADV	_	7 slower	advmod
7	slower	slow	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	2 spin	parataxis
8	than	than	SCONJ	_	10 looks	mark
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 looks	nsubj
10	looks	look	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 slower	advcl
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 photos	case
12	photos	photo	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 looks	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	spin	present	They					slowly property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme
2	look	present	it					in photos	vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in photo=Theme

Option 4

The black hole in the middle pulls every star in towards it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 hole	det
2	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 hole	amod
3	hole	hole	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pulls	nsubj
4	in	in	ADP	_	6 middle	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 middle	det
6	middle	middle	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 hole	nmod
7	pulls	pull	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	9 star	det
9	star	star	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 pulls	obj
10	in	in	ADP	_	12 it	case
11	towards	towards	ADP	_	12 it	case
12	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 pulls	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	pull	present	the black hole in the middle	every star		star			vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent star=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/24-galaxies-and-the-big-bang/t11/