Test 1 · ★★★ · How we know: measuring the sky

Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of. What is right?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: Lily, astronomers · What happens: think, fly, know, make, be · To what, where: astronomers · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 1 · ★★★ of lesson 28 «How we know: measuring the sky» of the space course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Lily thinks astronomers must fly to stars to know what they're made of.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Lily	Lily	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 thinks	nsubj
2	thinks	think	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	astronomers	astronomer	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 fly	nsubj
4	must	must	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 fly	aux
5	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 thinks	ccomp
6	to	to	ADP	_	7 stars	case
7	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 fly	obl
8	to	to	PART	_	9 know	mark
9	know	know	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 fly	advcl
10	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	9 know	obj
11	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 made	nsubj
12	're	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 made	aux:pass
13	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	10 what	acl:relcl
14	of	of	ADP	_	13 made	obl
15	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 thinks	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	think speech: other	present	Lily			vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	fly	must	astronomers		to stars result	vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to star=Result
3	know	to-infinitive	astronomers not said here			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer what=Stimulus
4	make	present · passive		astronomers = astronomer		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What is right?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 right	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 right	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						right property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

She is right, probes have visited all of them and dug up samples

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	She	she	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 visited	punct
5	probes	probe	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 visited	nsubj:pass
6	have	have	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 visited	aux
7	visited	visit	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 right	parataxis
8	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	7 visited	obj
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 them	case
10	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	8 all	nmod
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 dug	cc
12	dug	dig	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	7 visited	conj
13	up	up	ADP	_	12 dug	compound:prt
14	samples	sample	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 dug	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	is	present	She		right property	tree rules
2	visit	present · perfect · passive		probes		tree rules
3	dig up	past		samples		vn poke-19-1-1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent sample=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

The lines in their light show what they are made of

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 lines	det
2	lines	line	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 show	nsubj
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 light	case
4	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 light	nmod:poss
5	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 lines	nmod
6	show	show	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	10 made	nsubj:pass
8	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 made	nsubj
9	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	10 made	aux:pass
10	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 show	ccomp
11	of	of	ADP	_	10 made	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	roles by
1	show	present	the lines in lines's light	vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	make	present · passive		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
3	light		lines = line	nom light «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

They guess from the star's colour only, nothing else helps

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	They	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 guess	nsubj
2	guess	guess	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	7 colour	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 star	det
5	star	star	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 colour	nmod:poss
6	's	's	PART	_	5 star	case
7	colour	colour	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 guess	obl
8	only	only	ADV	_	2 guess	advmod
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 nothing	punct
10	nothing	nothing	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	12 helps	nsubj
11	else	else	ADV	_	10 nothing	advmod
12	helps	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 guess	ccomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	guess	present	They			the star's colour			vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme
2	help	present	nothing						vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent

Option 4

Nobody knows what stars are made of, it is still a total mystery

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Nobody	nobody	PRON	Number=Sing PronType=Neg	2 knows	nsubj
2	knows	know	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	what	what	PRON	PronType=Int	6 made	nsubj:pass
4	stars	star	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 made	nsubj:pass
5	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 made	aux:pass
6	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 knows	ccomp
7	of	of	ADP	_	6 made	obl
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 mystery	punct
9	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	14 mystery	nsubj
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 mystery	cop
11	still	still	ADV	_	14 mystery	advmod
12	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 mystery	det
13	total	total	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 mystery	amod
14	mystery	mystery	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 knows	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	roles by
1	know	present	Nobody			vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus
2	make	present · passive				vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
3	is a	present	it	a total mystery	still	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/space/28-how-we-know-measuring-the-sky/t1/