Exam question 1 · Diggers, cranes and cement mixers

Identify the principle by which the arm of an excavator exerts considerable force upon a slight movement of the control lever.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, arm · What happens: identify, exert, move · To what, where: principle, considerable force, control lever

This is exam question 1 of lesson 28 «Diggers, cranes and cement mixers» of the technology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 principle	det
3	principle	principle	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
4	by	by	ADP	_	5 which	case
5	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 exerts	obl
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 arm	det
7	arm	arm	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 exerts	nsubj
8	of	of	ADP	_	10 excavator	case
9	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 excavator	det
10	excavator	excavator	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 arm	nmod
11	exerts	exert	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	1 Identify	parataxis
12	considerable	considerable	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 force	amod
13	force	force	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 exerts	obj
14	upon	upon	ADP	_	17 movement	case
15	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	17 movement	det
16	slight	slight	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 movement	amod
17	movement	movement	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 exerts	obl
18	of	of	ADP	_	21 lever	case
19	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	21 lever	det
20	control	control	NOUN	Number=Sing	21 lever	compound
21	lever	lever	NOUN	Number=Sing	17 movement	nmod
22	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principle		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent principle=Theme
2	exert	present	the arm of a excavator	considerable force	upon a slight movement of the control lever	vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent force=Theme
3	move			the control lever		nom movement «act transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

The bucket is rendered buoyant by the admission of air

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 bucket	det
2	bucket	bucket	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 rendered	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 rendered	aux:pass
4	rendered	render	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	buoyant	buoyant	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 rendered	xcomp
6	by	by	ADP	_	8 admission	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 admission	det
8	admission	admission	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 rendered	obl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 air	case
10	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 admission	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	render	present · passive	the admission of air	the bucket				buoyant property	vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Theme
2	admit			air					nom admission «act transitive»: of=patient

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

Hydraulics, whereby a pump forces oil, which is incompressible, into pistons

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Hydraulics	hydraulic	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 incompressible	punct
3	whereby	whereby	ADV	PronType=Int	11 incompressible	advmod
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 oil	det
5	pump	pump	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 forces	compound
6	forces	force	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 oil	compound
7	oil	oil	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 incompressible	nsubj
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 incompressible	punct
9	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 incompressible	nsubj
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 incompressible	cop
11	incompressible	incompressible	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Hydraulics	conj
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	14 pistons	punct
13	into	into	ADP	_	14 pistons	case
14	pistons	piston	NOUN	Number=Plur	1 Hydraulics	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	a forces oil					incompressible, whereby property	tree rules

Option 3

Magnets attract the soil into the bucket

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Magnets	magnet	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 attract	nsubj
2	attract	attract	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 soil	det
4	soil	soil	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 attract	obj
5	into	into	ADP	_	7 bucket	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 bucket	det
7	bucket	bucket	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 attract	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	attract	present	Magnets	the soil				into the bucket result	vn lure-59.3 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent soil=Patient into bucket=Result

Option 4

The arm is connected to the lever by a rope and pulley

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 arm	det
2	arm	arm	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 connected	nsubj:pass
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 connected	aux:pass
4	connected	connect	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 lever	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 lever	det
7	lever	lever	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 connected	obl
8	by	by	ADP	_	10 rope	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 rope	det
10	rope	rope	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 connected	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 pulley	cc
12	pulley	pulley	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 rope	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	connect	present · passive	a rope and pulley	the arm				to the lever	vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient to lever=Co-Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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