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Exam question 2 · Loot boxes, streaks and the sunk cost

Determine the term properly applied to continued expenditure motivated by the sum already expended.

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you, sum · What happens: determine, apply, continue, motivate, expend · To what, where: term, continued expenditure

This is exam question 2 of lesson 172 «Loot boxes, streaks and the sunk cost» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

detobjadvmodaclcaseamodoblaclcasedetobladvmodacl:relclpunctrootDetermineVERBtheDETtermNOUNproperlyADVappliedVERBtoADPcontinuedVERBexpenditureNOUNmotivatedVERBbyADPtheDETsumNOUNalreadyADVexpendedVERB.PUNCT
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1DeterminedetermineVERBMood=Imp VerbForm=Finrootroot
2thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art3 termdet
3termtermNOUNNumber=Sing1 Determineobj
4properlyproperlyADV_5 appliedadvmod
5appliedapplyVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass3 termacl
6totoADP_8 expenditurecase
7continuedcontinueVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass8 expenditureamod
8expenditureexpenditureNOUNNumber=Sing5 appliedobl
9motivatedmotivateVERBTense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass8 expenditureacl
10bybyADP_12 sumcase
11thetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art12 sumdet
12sumsumNOUNNumber=Sing9 motivatedobl
13alreadyalreadyADV_14 expendedadvmod
14expendedexpendVERBMood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin12 sumacl:relcl
15..PUNCT_1 Determinepunct
#verbtense, moodwhowhat, whomto whomwherewhenotherroles by
1determineimperativeyou not said herethe termvn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent term=Topic
2applyparticiplethe term not said hereto continued expenditure; properly propertyvn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
3continueparticiplevn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
4motivateparticiplecontinued expenditure not said hereby the sumvn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent
5expendpastthe sum not said heretree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Survivorship bias

compoundrootSurvivorshipNOUNbiasNOUN
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1SurvivorshipsurvivorshipNOUNNumber=Sing2 biascompound
2biasbiasNOUNNumber=Singrootroot

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 2

The hot-hand fallacy

detamodpunctcompoundrootTheDEThotADJ-PUNCThandNOUNfallacyNOUN
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art5 fallacydet
2hothotADJDegree=Pos4 handamod
3--PUNCT_2 hotpunct
4handhandNOUNNumber=Sing5 fallacycompound
5fallacyfallacyNOUNNumber=Singrootroot

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 3

Appeal to authority

casenmodrootAppealNOUNtoADPauthorityNOUN
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1AppealappealNOUNNumber=Singrootroot
2totoADP_3 authoritycase
3authorityauthorityNOUNNumber=Sing1 Appealnmod

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The sunk cost fallacy

detamodcompoundrootTheDETsunkADJcostNOUNfallacyNOUN
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
#wordlemmaUPOSfeaturesheadrelation
1ThetheDETDefinite=Def PronType=Art4 fallacydet
2sunksunkADJDegree=Pos4 fallacyamod
3costcostNOUNNumber=Sing4 fallacycompound
4fallacyfallacyNOUNNumber=Singrootroot

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/172-loot-boxes-streaks-and-the-sunk-cost/e2/