Exam question 1 · A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wr…

Identify the principle denoted by the expression «innocent until proven guilty».

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 4 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: you · What happens: identify, denote, prove · To what, where: principle

This is exam question 1 of lesson 191 «A fair trial, and the Wonderland court that gets it all wrong» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Identify	identify	VERB	Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin	root	root
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 principle	det
3	principle	principle	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 Identify	obj
4	denoted	denote	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 principle	acl
5	by	by	ADP	_	7 expression	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 expression	det
7	expression	expression	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 denoted	obl
8	«	«	PUNCT	_	9 innocent	punct
9	innocent	innocent	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 expression	conj
10	until	until	ADP	_	12 guilty	case
11	proven	prove	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	12 guilty	amod
12	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Identify	obl
13	»	»	PUNCT	_	12 guilty	punct
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	1 Identify	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	identify	imperative	you not said here	the principle	until proven guilty		vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S_ING»: agent=Agent principle=Theme
2	denote	participle		the principle not said here		by the expression	vn indicate-78 «NP V how S»: agent=Pivot
3	prove in a quote	participle					vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S_INF»: agent=Agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

The accused is obliged to demonstrate his own innocence

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 accused	det
2	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 obliged	advcl
3	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 obliged	aux:pass
4	obliged	oblige	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
5	to	to	PART	_	6 demonstrate	mark
6	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 obliged	xcomp
7	his	his	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	9 innocence	nmod:poss
8	own	own	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 innocence	amod
9	innocence	innocence	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 demonstrate	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	what, whom	roles by
1	accuse	participle		vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent
2	oblige	present · passive		vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: clause=Result
3	demonstrate	to-infinitive	his own innocence	vn indicate-78-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot innocence=Topic

Option 2

The judge determines guilt prior to hearing the evidence

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 judge	det
2	judge	judge	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 determines	nsubj
3	determines	determine	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	guilt	guilt	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 determines	obj
5	prior	prior	ADJ	Degree=Pos ExtPos=SCONJ	7 hearing	mark
6	to	to	ADP	_	5 prior	fixed
7	hearing	hear	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	3 determines	advcl
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 evidence	det
9	evidence	evidence	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 hearing	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	determine	present	the judge	guilt					vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guilt=Topic
2	hear	gerund	the judge not said here	the evidence					vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer evidence=Stimulus

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice

All persons present in court are presumed to be guilty until the conclusion of the proceedings

The tree, 16 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	All	all	DET	PronType=Tot	2 persons	det
2	persons	person	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 present	nsubj
3	present	present	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	in	in	ADP	_	5 court	case
5	court	court	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 presumed	obl
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 presumed	aux:pass
7	presumed	presume	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	3 present	ccomp
8	to	to	PART	_	10 guilty	mark
9	be	be	AUX	VerbForm=Inf	10 guilty	cop
10	guilty	guilty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 presumed	xcomp
11	until	until	ADP	_	13 conclusion	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 conclusion	det
13	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 guilty	obl
14	of	of	ADP	_	16 proceedings	case
15	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	16 proceedings	det
16	proceedings	proceedings	NOUN	Number=Ptan	13 conclusion	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	present	present	all persons					tree rules
2	presume	present · passive	all persons not said here		court			vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»
3	is	to-infinitive	all persons not said here			until the conclusion of the proceedings	guilty property	tree rules
4	conclude			the proceedings				nom conclusion «cognition transitive»: of=patient

Option 4 · ✓ the right answer

The burden of proving guilt rests upon the accuser and not the accused

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 burden	det
2	burden	burden	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rests	nsubj
3	of	of	SCONJ	_	4 proving	mark
4	proving	prove	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	2 burden	acl
5	guilt	guilt	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 proving	obj
6	rests	rest	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	upon	upon	ADP	_	9 accuser	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 accuser	det
9	accuser	accuser	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 rests	obl
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 accused	cc
11	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	13 accused	advmod
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 accused	det
13	accused	accuse	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 rests	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	prove	gerund	the burden not said here	guilt		vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent guilt=Theme
2	rest	present	the burden		the accuser	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme upon accuser=Location
3	not accuse	participle	the burden not said here			vn suspect-81 «NP V PP.theme S_ING»: agent=Agent

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/191-a-fair-trial-and-the-wonderland-court-that-gets-it-all-wrong/e1/