Test 9 · ★★★ · Clever reasoning about water and matter

Why does your breath make a white cloud on a frosty day but not on a warm day?

Mova's choice: option 3 · The right answer: option 3 · right ✓ · Who acts: breath · What happens: make · To what, where: white cloud

This is test 9 · ★★★ of lesson 20 «Clever reasoning about water and matter» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	5 make	advmod
2	does	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 make	aux
3	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	4 breath	nmod:poss
4	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	nsubj
5	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 cloud	det
7	white	white	ADJ	Degree=Pos	8 cloud	amod
8	cloud	cloud	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	obj
9	on	on	ADP	_	12 day	case
10	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 day	det
11	frosty	frosty	ADJ	Degree=Pos	12 day	amod
12	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 make	obl
13	but	but	CCONJ	_	18 day	cc
14	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	18 day	advmod
15	on	on	ADP	_	18 day	case
16	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	18 day	det
17	warm	warm	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 day	amod
18	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 day	conj
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	5 make	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present · do-support	your breath	a white cloud			day		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cloud=Product

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1

Cold air freezes your breath at once and turns it into tiny flakes of snow

The tree, 15 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 air	amod
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 freezes	nsubj
3	freezes	freeze	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 breath	nmod:poss
5	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 freezes	obj
6	at	at	ADP	_	7 once	case
7	once	once	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Mult	3 freezes	obl
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 turns	cc
9	turns	turn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 freezes	conj
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	9 turns	obj
11	into	into	ADP	_	13 flakes	case
12	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 flakes	amod
13	flakes	flake	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 turns	obl
14	of	of	ADP	_	15 snow	case
15	snow	snow	NOUN	Number=Sing	13 flakes	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	freeze	present	Cold air	your breath					vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient breath=Result
2	turn	present	Cold air not said here	breath		tiny flakes of snow			vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent it=Theme into flake=Trajectory

Option 2

In winter breath has smoke in it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 breath	case
2	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 breath	compound
3	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 has	obl
4	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	smoke	smoke	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 has	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	7 it	case
7	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 has	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present		smoke		winter breath		in smoke	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smoke=Patient

Option 3 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

Cold air cools the vapour in your breath so it condenses into droplets

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 air	amod
2	air	air	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cools	nsubj
3	cools	cool	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 vapour	det
5	vapour	vapour	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cools	obj
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 breath	case
7	your	your	PRON	Case=Gen Person=2 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 breath	nmod:poss
8	breath	breath	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 cools	obl
9	so	so	ADV	_	11 condenses	advmod
10	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	11 condenses	nsubj
11	condenses	condense	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 cools	conj
12	into	into	ADP	_	13 droplets	case
13	droplets	droplet	NOUN	Number=Plur	11 condenses	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	cool	present	Cold air	the vapour		your breath			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent vapour=Patient
2	condense	present	air			droplets			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 4

In summer we breathe out no water at all

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	2 summer	case
2	summer	summer	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 breathe	obl
3	we	we	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=1 PronType=Prs	4 breathe	nsubj
4	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=1 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	out	out	ADP	_	4 breathe	compound:prt
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 water	det
7	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 breathe	obj
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 all	case
9	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	4 breathe	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe out	present	we	no water		all	summer		vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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