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Test 2 · ★★★ · Thinking it through — forces, heat, light and energy

A shadow stick is put in the ground. During the day its shadow first shortens, then grows again. Why?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: shadow, ground · What happens: put, shorten, grow, shadow · To what, where: shadow stick, ground

This is test 2 · ★★★ of lesson 60 «Thinking it through — forces, heat, light and energy» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: A shadow stick is put in the ground.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	A	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 stick	det
2	shadow	shadow	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 stick	compound
3	stick	stick	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 put	nsubj:pass
4	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 put	aux:pass
5	put	put	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
6	in	in	ADP	_	8 ground	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 ground	det
8	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 put	obl
9	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 put	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	put	present · passive		a shadow stick		the ground			vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in ground=Destination

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: During the day its shadow first shortens, then grows again.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	During	during	ADP	_	3 day	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 day	det
3	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 shortens	obl
4	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 shadow	nmod:poss
5	shadow	shadow	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 shortens	nsubj
6	first	first	ADV	NumForm=Word NumType=Ord	7 shortens	advmod
7	shortens	shorten	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 grows	punct
9	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	10 grows	advmod
10	grows	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 shortens	conj
11	again	again	ADV	_	10 grows	advmod
12	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 shortens	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	shorten	present	ground's shadow				day	first property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	grow	present	ground's shadow not said here				then; again		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	shadow		ground						nom shadow «state transitive»: poss=agent

Sentence 3: Why?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	root	root
2	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 Why	punct

The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

The options

Option 1

The stick grows and shrinks with the heat

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 stick	det
2	stick	stick	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 grows	nsubj
3	grows	grow	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 shrinks	cc
5	shrinks	shrink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 grows	conj
6	with	with	ADP	_	8 heat	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 heat	det
8	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 shrinks	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	grow	present	the stick						vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	shrink	present	the stick not said here					with the heat	vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with heat=Instrument

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

The Sun climbs higher until midday, then sinks lower

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Sun	det
2	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 climbs	nsubj
3	climbs	climb	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	higher	high	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 climbs	xcomp
5	until	until	ADP	_	6 midday	case
6	midday	midday	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 climbs	obl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 sinks	punct
8	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	9 sinks	advmod
9	sinks	sink	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 climbs	conj
10	lower	low	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	9 sinks	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	climb	present	the Sun				until midday	high property	vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	sink	present	the Sun not said here				then	low property	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Option 3

Clouds make shadows change their length

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Clouds	cloud	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	nsubj
2	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	shadows	shadow	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 make	obj
4	change	change	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	2 make	xcomp
5	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	6 length	nmod:poss
6	length	length	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 change	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	make	present	Clouds	shadows					tree rules
2	change	infinitive	shadows not said here	Clouds's length					vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent length=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

The Earth moves closer to the Sun at noon

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	The	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 Earth	det
2	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 moves	nsubj
3	moves	move	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	closer	close	ADV	Degree=Cmp	3 moves	advmod
5	to	to	ADP	_	7 Sun	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 Sun	det
7	Sun	Sun	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 moves	obl
8	at	at	ADP	_	9 noon	case
9	noon	noon	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 moves	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	move	present	the Earth				noon	to the Sun result; close property	vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to sun=Result

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/60-reasoning-energy-technology/t2/