Exam question 1 · Rocks, minerals and fossils

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the formation of igneous rock?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 2 · wrong ✗ · What happens: follow, characteris · To what, where: formation

This is exam question 1 of lesson 61 «Rocks, minerals and fossils» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 formation	det
10	formation	formation	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 rock	case
12	igneous	igneous	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 rock	amod
13	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 formation	nmod
14	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund							vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the formation of igneous rock				of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It forms from the shells of sea creatures

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 forms	nsubj
2	forms	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	5 shells	case
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 shells	det
5	shells	shell	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 forms	obl
6	of	of	ADP	_	8 creatures	case
7	sea	sea	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 creatures	compound
8	creatures	creature	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 shells	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present	It			the shells of sea creatures			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2 · ✓ the right answer

It forms when magma or lava cools and becomes solid

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 forms	nsubj
2	forms	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	7 cools	advmod
4	magma	magma	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 cools	compound
5	or	or	CCONJ	_	6 lava	cc
6	lava	lava	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 magma	conj
7	cools	cool	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 forms	obj
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 becomes	cc
9	becomes	become	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 forms	conj
10	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 becomes	xcomp

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present	It	magma cools					vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cool=Theme
2	become	present						solid property	vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient

Option 3

It forms from layers of sand and mud pressed together

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 forms	nsubj
2	forms	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	from	from	ADP	_	4 layers	case
4	layers	layer	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 forms	obl
5	of	of	ADP	_	6 sand	case
6	sand	sand	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 layers	nmod
7	and	and	CCONJ	_	8 mud	cc
8	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 sand	conj
9	pressed	press	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	4 layers	acl
10	together	together	ADV	_	9 pressed	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	form	present	It			layers of sand and mud			vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	press	participle		layers of sand and mud not said here				together property	vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent

Option 4

It forms when rock is altered by heat without melting

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 forms	nsubj
2	forms	form	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	6 altered	advmod
4	rock	rock	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 altered	nsubj:pass
5	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 altered	aux:pass
6	altered	alter	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	2 forms	advcl
7	by	by	ADP	_	8 heat	case
8	heat	heat	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 altered	obl
9	without	without	SCONJ	_	10 melting	mark
10	melting	melt	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 altered	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	form	present	It		vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	alter	present · passive	heat	rock	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent subject=Patient
3	melt	gerund	heat not said here		vn other_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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