Test 12 · ★ · Birds: feathers, nests and flight

Ava says birds' bones are solid and heavy so they're strong. true?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: Ava, bones · What happens: say, be · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 12 · ★ of lesson 73 «Birds: feathers, nests and flight» of the world course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ava	Ava	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 says	nsubj
2	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 bones	nmod:poss
4	'	's	PART	_	3 birds	case
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 solid	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 solid	cop
7	solid	solid	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 says	ccomp
8	and	and	CCONJ	_	9 heavy	cc
9	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 solid	conj
10	so	so	ADV	_	13 strong	advmod
11	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 strong	nsubj
12	're	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	13 strong	cop
13	strong	strong	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 solid	parataxis
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	13 strong	punct
15	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 solid	conj
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	2 says	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Ava		vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent
2	is	present	birds's bones	solid property	tree rules
3	be		birds's bones not said here		tree rules
4	is	present	bones = bone	strong property	tree rules
5	be		birds's bones not said here		tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer

No, many bird bones are hollow, which makes them light

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	7 hollow	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	7 hollow	punct
3	many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 bones	amod
4	bird	bird	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 bones	compound
5	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 hollow	nsubj
6	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 hollow	cop
7	hollow	hollow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
8	,	,	PUNCT	_	10 makes	punct
9	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 makes	nsubj
10	makes	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 hollow	conj
11	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	10 makes	obj
12	light	light	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 makes	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	many bird bones					hollow property	tree rules
2	make	present		bones = bone					vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset they=Beneficiary light=Product

Option 2

Yes, heavy bones help birds fly steadily

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	4 bones	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	heavy	heavy	ADJ	Degree=Pos	4 bones	amod
4	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 help	nsubj
5	help	help	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 help	obj
7	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 help	xcomp
8	steadily	steadily	ADV	_	7 fly	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	help	present	heavy bones	birds					vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S_INF»: agent=Agent bird=Beneficiary clause=Theme
2	fly	infinitive	birds not said here					steadily property	vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 3

No, birds have no bones, only muscle

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	No	no	INTJ	Polarity=Neg	4 have	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 No	punct
3	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 have	nsubj
4	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	6 bones	det
6	bones	bone	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 have	obj
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 muscle	punct
8	only	only	ADV	_	9 muscle	advmod
9	muscle	muscle	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 have	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	birds	no bones					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient

Option 4

Yes, but only in birds that cannot fly

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	Polarity=Pos	6 birds	discourse
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	1 Yes	punct
3	but	but	CCONJ	_	6 birds	cc
4	only	only	ADV	_	6 birds	advmod
5	in	in	ADP	_	6 birds	case
6	birds	bird	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
7	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	10 fly	nsubj
8	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	10 fly	aux
9	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	10 fly	advmod
10	fly	fly	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	6 birds	acl:relcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	not fly	can	birds						vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/73-birds-feathers-nests-flight/t12/