Exam question 3 · Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence
It is given that two things are observed to occur together. Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn.
Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 1 · right ✓ · Who acts: you · What happens: give, observe, occur, determine, draw · To what, where: It, two things, conclusion
This is exam question 3 of lesson 91 «Being a scientist — fair tests, guesses and evidence» of the world course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.
The question
Sentence 1: It is given that two things are observed to occur together.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 given | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 given | aux:pass |
| 3 | given | give | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 observed | mark |
| 5 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 6 things | nummod |
| 6 | things | thing | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 observed | nsubj:pass |
| 7 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 observed | aux:pass |
| 8 | observed | observe | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 given | advcl |
| 9 | to | to | PART | _ | 10 occur | mark |
| 10 | occur | occur | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 observed | xcomp |
| 11 | together | together | ADV | _ | 10 occur | advmod |
| 12 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 given | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | give | present · passive | It | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | |||||
| 2 | observe | present · passive | two things | tree rules | |||||
| 3 | occur | to-infinitive | together property | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Sentence 2: Determine the conclusion which may properly be drawn.
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Determine | determine | VERB | Mood=Imp VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 2 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 conclusion | det |
| 3 | conclusion | conclusion | NOUN | Number=Sing | 1 Determine | obj |
| 4 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 drawn | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | may | may | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 8 drawn | aux |
| 6 | properly | properly | ADV | _ | 8 drawn | advmod |
| 7 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 8 drawn | aux:pass |
| 8 | drawn | draw | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 conclusion | acl:relcl |
| 9 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 1 Determine | punct |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | determine | imperative | you not said here | the conclusion | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent conclusion=Topic | ||||
| 2 | draw | may · passive | the conclusion | properly property | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
The options
Option 1 · ← Mova's choice · ✓ the right answer
It is not thereby proved that one causes the other
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 5 proved | nsubj |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 proved | cop |
| 3 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 5 proved | advmod |
| 4 | thereby | thereby | ADV | _ | 5 proved | advmod |
| 5 | proved | prove | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 6 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 causes | mark |
| 7 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 8 causes | nsubj |
| 8 | causes | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 proved | ccomp |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 other | det |
| 10 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 causes | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | not is | present | It | prove, thereby property | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | cause | present | one | the other | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition other=Patient |
Option 2
It is thereby proved that the second causes the first
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 proved | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | aux:pass |
| 3 | thereby | thereby | ADV | _ | 4 proved | advmod |
| 4 | proved | prove | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 causes | mark |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 second | det |
| 7 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 8 causes | nsubj |
| 8 | causes | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | advcl |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 first | det |
| 10 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 8 causes | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | prove | present · passive | It | thereby property | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | cause | present | the second | the first | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition first=Patient |
Option 3
It is thereby proved that neither has any cause
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 proved | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | aux:pass |
| 3 | thereby | thereby | ADV | _ | 4 proved | advmod |
| 4 | proved | prove | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 7 has | mark |
| 6 | neither | neither | DET | PronType=Neg | 7 has | nsubj |
| 7 | has | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | ccomp |
| 8 | any | any | DET | PronType=Ind | 9 cause | det |
| 9 | cause | cause | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 has | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | prove | present · passive | It | thereby property | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme | ||||
| 2 | have | present | neither | any cause | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cause=Patient |
Option 4
It is thereby proved that the first causes the second
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | It | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 4 proved | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | aux:pass |
| 3 | thereby | thereby | ADV | _ | 4 proved | advmod |
| 4 | proved | prove | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 5 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 8 causes | mark |
| 6 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 7 first | det |
| 7 | first | first | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 8 causes | nsubj |
| 8 | causes | cause | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 proved | advcl |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 second | det |
| 10 | second | second | ADJ | Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 8 causes | obj |
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | prove | present · passive | It | thereby property | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme | ||||
| 2 | cause | present | the first | the second | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition second=Patient |
Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/world/91-being-a-scientist/e3/