Buildings and architecture, sentence 11
The Leaning Tower of Pisa began to lean while it was being built in the 1100s, because the soft ground under one side sank; engineers have since made the lean a little smaller to keep it safe.
Who acts: Leaning Tower, soft ground · What happens: begin, lean, build, sink, make, keep · To what, where: House, 1100s, engineers
This is a sentence of the lesson «Buildings and architecture» of the arts course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leaning Tower, soft ground), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 3 Tower | det |
| 2 | Leaning | lean | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 Tower | compound |
| 3 | Tower | Tower | PROPN | Number=Sing | 6 began | nsubj |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 Pisa | case |
| 5 | Pisa | Pisa | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 Tower | nmod |
| 6 | began | begin | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | to | to | PART | _ | 8 lean | mark |
| 8 | lean | lean | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 6 began | xcomp |
| 9 | while | while | SCONJ | _ | 13 built | mark |
| 10 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 built | nsubj:pass |
| 11 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 13 built | aux:pass |
| 12 | being | be | AUX | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 13 built | aux:pass |
| 13 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 8 lean | advcl |
| 14 | in | in | ADP | _ | 16 1100s | case |
| 15 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 1100s | det |
| 16 | 1100s | 1100 | NOUN | Number=Ptan NumForm=Combi NumType=Card | 13 built | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 sank | punct |
| 18 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 25 sank | mark |
| 19 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 ground | det |
| 20 | soft | soft | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 21 ground | amod |
| 21 | ground | ground | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 sank | nsubj |
| 22 | under | under | ADP | _ | 24 side | case |
| 23 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 24 side | nummod |
| 24 | side | side | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 ground | nmod |
| 25 | sank | sink | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 began | advcl |
| 26 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 made | punct |
| 27 | engineers | engineer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 30 made | nsubj:pass |
| 28 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 30 made | aux |
| 29 | since | since | ADV | _ | 30 made | advmod |
| 30 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 began | parataxis |
| 31 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 32 lean | det |
| 32 | lean | lean | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 made | obj |
| 33 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 34 little | det |
| 34 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 35 smaller | obl |
| 35 | smaller | small | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 30 made | xcomp |
| 36 | to | to | PART | _ | 37 keep | mark |
| 37 | keep | keep | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 30 made | advcl |
| 38 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 37 keep | obj |
| 39 | safe | safe | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 37 keep | xcomp |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 began | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | begin | past | the Leaning Tower of Pisa | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 2 | lean | to-infinitive | the Leaning Tower of Pisa not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | build | past · passive | House | the 1100s | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 4 | sink | past | the soft ground under one side | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | make | present · perfect · passive | engineers | since, small property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: subject=Beneficiary lean=Product | ||||
| 6 | keep | to-infinitive | House | safe property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:arts:034-buildings-and-architecture.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/arts/34-buildings-and-architecture/11/