Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs, sentence 14
Mudskippers are fish of mangrove swamps that skip across the mud on their fins; they keep water in their gill chambers and breathe through their wet skin, so they can stay out of water for hours.
Who acts: Mudskippers, mangrove swamps · What happens: be, skip, keep, breathe, stay out · To what, where: fish, mud, water, gill chambers, wet skin
This is a sentence of the lesson «Swamps, marshes, mangroves and bogs» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mudskippers, mangrove swamps), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mudskippers | mudskipper | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 fish | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 fish | cop |
| 3 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 swamps | case |
| 5 | mangrove | mangrove | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 swamps | compound |
| 6 | swamps | swamp | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 fish | nmod |
| 7 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 8 skip | nsubj |
| 8 | skip | skip | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 swamps | acl:relcl |
| 9 | across | across | ADP | _ | 11 mud | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 mud | det |
| 11 | mud | mud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 skip | obl |
| 12 | on | on | ADP | _ | 14 fins | case |
| 13 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 fins | nmod:poss |
| 14 | fins | fin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 8 skip | obl |
| 15 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 17 keep | punct |
| 16 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 17 keep | nsubj |
| 17 | keep | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 8 skip | conj |
| 18 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 keep | obj |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 22 chambers | case |
| 20 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 22 chambers | nmod:poss |
| 21 | gill | gill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 chambers | compound |
| 22 | chambers | chamber | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 keep | obl |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 24 breathe | cc |
| 24 | breathe | breathe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 keep | conj |
| 25 | through | through | ADP | _ | 28 skin | case |
| 26 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 28 skin | nmod:poss |
| 27 | wet | wet | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 28 skin | amod |
| 28 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 24 breathe | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 stay | punct |
| 30 | so | so | ADV | _ | 33 stay | advmod |
| 31 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 stay | nsubj |
| 32 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 33 stay | aux |
| 33 | stay | stay | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 skip | conj |
| 34 | out | out | ADP | _ | 36 water | case |
| 35 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 water | case |
| 36 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 stay | obl |
| 37 | for | for | ADP | _ | 38 hours | case |
| 38 | hours | hour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 stay | obl |
| 39 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 fish | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Mudskippers | fish | of mangrove swamps | tree rules | |||
| 2 | skip | present | mangrove swamps | the mud | on fish's fins | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across mud=Trajectory | |||
| 3 | keep | present | mudskippers = mudskipper | water | fish's gill chambers | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent water=Theme in chamber=Location | |||
| 4 | breathe | present | mudskippers = mudskipper not said here | fish's wet skin | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | stay out | can | mudskippers = mudskipper | water | hour | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme water=Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:011-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/11-swamps-marshes-mangroves-and-bogs/14/