How real cats hunt: stalking, waiting and pouncing, sentence 2

Real cats mostly hunt by waiting, not chasing: a cat may sit perfectly still beside a hole in the garden for an hour, ears swivelling to catch the faintest scratch, because waiting saves energy and a still cat is hard to notice.

Who acts: Real cats, cat, ears, still cat · What happens: hunt, wait, not chase, sit, swivelling, catch · To what, where: hole, faintest scratch, energy

This is a sentence of the lesson «How real cats hunt: stalking, waiting and pouncing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Real cats, cat, ears, still cat), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Real	real	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 cats	amod
2	cats	cat	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 hunt	nsubj
3	mostly	mostly	ADV	_	4 hunt	advmod
4	hunt	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	by	by	SCONJ	_	6 waiting	mark
6	waiting	wait	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 hunt	advcl
7	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 chasing	punct
8	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	9 chasing	advmod
9	chasing	chase	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 waiting	conj
10	:	:	PUNCT	_	14 sit	punct
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	12 cat	det
12	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 sit	nsubj
13	may	may	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	14 sit	aux
14	sit	sit	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	9 chasing	parataxis
15	perfectly	perfectly	ADV	_	14 sit	advmod
16	still	still	ADV	_	14 sit	advmod
17	beside	beside	ADP	_	19 hole	case
18	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	19 hole	det
19	hole	hole	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 sit	obl
20	in	in	ADP	_	22 garden	case
21	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	22 garden	det
22	garden	garden	NOUN	Number=Sing	19 hole	nmod
23	for	for	ADP	_	25 hour	case
24	an	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	25 hour	det
25	hour	hour	NOUN	Number=Sing	14 sit	obl
26	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 ears	punct
27	ears	ear	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 swivelling	nsubj
28	swivelling	swivelling	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	14 sit	advcl
29	to	to	PART	_	30 catch	mark
30	catch	catch	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	28 swivelling	advcl
31	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	33 scratch	det
32	faintest	faint	ADJ	Degree=Sup	33 scratch	amod
33	scratch	scratch	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 catch	obj
34	,	,	PUNCT	_	36 waiting	punct
35	because	because	SCONJ	_	37 saves	mark
36	waiting	wait	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	37 saves	nsubj
37	saves	save	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	14 sit	advcl
38	energy	energy	NOUN	Number=Sing	37 saves	obj
39	and	and	CCONJ	_	44 hard	cc
40	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	42 cat	det
41	still	still	ADJ	Degree=Pos	42 cat	amod
42	cat	cat	NOUN	Number=Sing	44 hard	nsubj
43	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	44 hard	cop
44	hard	hard	ADJ	Degree=Pos	37 saves	conj
45	to	to	PART	_	46 notice	mark
46	notice	notice	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	44 hard	xcomp
47	.	.	PUNCT	_	4 hunt	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hunt	present	Real cats				mostly property	vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	wait	gerund	Real cats not said here					vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	not chase	gerund	Real cats not said here					vn chase-51.6 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent
4	sit	may	a cat		a hole in the garden	still; hour	perfectly property	vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent beside hole=Location
5	swivelling	gerund	ears					tree rules
6	catch	to-infinitive	ears not said here	the faintest scratch				vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scratch=Theme
7	wait	gerund						vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
8	save	present		energy				vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent energy=Theme
9	is	present	a still cat				hard property	tree rules
10	notice	to-infinitive	a still cat not said here					vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:119-how-real-cats-hunt.lesson:2.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/119-how-real-cats-hunt/2/