How real cats hunt: stalking, waiting and pouncing, sentence 6
Cats often hunt by sitting and waiting near a place where prey will come out, which uses much less energy than running; pet cats often wait a long time and catch nothing.
Who acts: Cats, prey, place, less energy, pet cats · What happens: hunt, sit, wait, come out, use, run · To what, where: place, less energy, nothing
This is a sentence of the lesson «How real cats hunt: stalking, waiting and pouncing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Cats, prey, place, less energy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 hunt | nsubj |
| 2 | often | often | ADV | _ | 3 hunt | advmod |
| 3 | hunt | hunt | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 5 sitting | mark |
| 5 | sitting | sit | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 hunt | advcl |
| 6 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 7 waiting | cc |
| 7 | waiting | wait | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 5 sitting | conj |
| 8 | near | near | ADP | _ | 10 place | case |
| 9 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 10 place | det |
| 10 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 waiting | obl |
| 11 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 14 come | advmod |
| 12 | prey | prey | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 come | nsubj |
| 13 | will | will | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 14 come | aux |
| 14 | come | come | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 10 place | acl |
| 15 | out | out | ADV | _ | 14 come | advmod |
| 16 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 18 uses | punct |
| 17 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 18 uses | nsubj |
| 18 | uses | use | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 place | acl:relcl |
| 19 | much | much | ADV | _ | 20 less | advmod |
| 20 | less | less | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 21 energy | amod |
| 21 | energy | energy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 uses | obj |
| 22 | than | than | SCONJ | _ | 23 running | mark |
| 23 | running | run | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 21 energy | acl |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 28 wait | punct |
| 25 | pet | pet | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 cats | compound |
| 26 | cats | cat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 wait | nsubj |
| 27 | often | often | ADV | _ | 28 wait | advmod |
| 28 | wait | wait | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 hunt | parataxis |
| 29 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 31 time | det |
| 30 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 time | amod |
| 31 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 wait | obl:unmarked |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 catch | cc |
| 33 | catch | catch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 28 wait | conj |
| 34 | nothing | nothing | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Neg | 33 catch | obj |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 hunt | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | hunt | present | Cats | often property | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 2 | sit | gerund | Cats not said here | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 3 | wait | gerund | Cats not said here | a place | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near place=Location | ||||
| 4 | come out | future | prey | out property | vn become-109.1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient | ||||
| 5 | use | present | a place | less energy | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent energy=Patient | ||||
| 6 | run | gerund | less energy not said here | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | wait | present | pet cats | time | often property | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||
| 8 | catch | present | pet cats not said here | nothing | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nothing=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:119-how-real-cats-hunt.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
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