The city as a habitat, sentence 12

Small bats like pipistrelles hunt insects around street lamps by echolocation, shouting and listening for echoes; bats are not blind, and one pipistrelle can eat thousands of midges in a night.

Who acts: Small bats, bats, one pipistrelle · What happens: hunt, shout, listen, not be, eat · To what, where: insects, street lamps, thousands

This is a sentence of the lesson «The city as a habitat» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Small bats, bats, one pipistrelle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Small	small	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 bats	amod
2	bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 hunt	nsubj
3	like	like	ADP	_	4 pipistrelles	case
4	pipistrelles	pipistrelle	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 bats	nmod
5	hunt	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 hunt	obj
7	around	around	ADP	_	9 lamps	case
8	street	street	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 lamps	compound
9	lamps	lamp	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 hunt	obl
10	by	by	ADP	_	11 echolocation	case
11	echolocation	echolocation	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 hunt	obl
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 shouting	punct
13	shouting	shout	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	5 hunt	advcl
14	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 listening	cc
15	listening	listen	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	13 shouting	conj
16	for	for	ADP	_	17 echoes	case
17	echoes	echo	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 listening	obl
18	;	;	PUNCT	_	22 blind	punct
19	bats	bat	NOUN	Number=Plur	22 blind	nsubj
20	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	22 blind	cop
21	not	not	PART	Polarity=Neg	22 blind	advmod
22	blind	blind	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 hunt	parataxis
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 eat	punct
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 eat	cc
25	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	26 pipistrelle	nummod
26	pipistrelle	pipistrelle	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 eat	nsubj
27	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	28 eat	aux
28	eat	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 hunt	conj
29	thousands	thousand	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 eat	obj
30	of	of	ADP	_	31 midges	case
31	midges	midge	NOUN	Number=Plur	29 thousands	nmod
32	in	in	ADP	_	34 night	case
33	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	34 night	det
34	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 eat	obl
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	5 hunt	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hunt	present	Small bats like pipistrelles	insects	street lamps		by echolocation	vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent insect=Theme around lamp=Location
2	shout speech: express	gerund	Small bats like pipistrelles not said here					vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	listen	gerund	Small bats like pipistrelles not said here				for echoes	vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for echo=Theme
4	not is	present	bats				blind property	tree rules
5	eat	can	one pipistrelle	thousands of midges		night		vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thousand=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:014-the-city-as-a-habitat.lesson:12.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/14-the-city-as-a-habitat/12/