Monkeys: kinds, tails and troops, sentence 9
Howler monkeys have a big hollow bone in the throat that makes their call heard about 5 kilometres away, so troops know where the others are without fighting.
Who acts: Howler monkeys, big hollow bone, call, troops, others, monkeys · What happens: have, make, hear, know, fight, call · To what, where: big hollow bone, throat, call · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Monkeys: kinds, tails and troops» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Howler monkeys, big hollow bone, call, troops), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Howler | howler | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 monkeys | compound |
| 2 | monkeys | monkey | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 have | nsubj |
| 3 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 7 bone | det |
| 5 | big | big | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 bone | amod |
| 6 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 7 bone | amod |
| 7 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 have | obj |
| 8 | in | in | ADP | _ | 10 throat | case |
| 9 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 10 throat | det |
| 10 | throat | throat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 7 bone | nmod |
| 11 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 12 makes | nsubj |
| 12 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 bone | acl:relcl |
| 13 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 14 call | nmod:poss |
| 14 | call | call | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 makes | obj |
| 15 | heard | hear | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part | 12 makes | xcomp |
| 16 | about | about | ADV | _ | 17 5 | advmod |
| 17 | 5 | 5 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 18 kilometres | nummod |
| 18 | kilometres | kilometre | NOUN | Number=Plur | 19 away | obl:unmarked |
| 19 | away | away | ADV | _ | 15 heard | advmod |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 23 know | punct |
| 21 | so | so | ADV | _ | 23 know | advmod |
| 22 | troops | troops | NOUN | Number=Ptan | 23 know | nsubj |
| 23 | know | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 makes | conj |
| 24 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 29 fighting | advmod |
| 25 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 others | det |
| 26 | others | other | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 fighting | nsubj |
| 27 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 29 fighting | aux |
| 28 | without | without | SCONJ | _ | 29 fighting | mark |
| 29 | fighting | fight | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 23 know | ccomp |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 have | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | have | present | Howler monkeys | a big hollow bone | the throat | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bone=Patient | |||
| 2 | make | present | a big hollow bone | monkeys's call | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | hear | participle | monkeys's call not said here | away property | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V PP.stimulus»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 4 | know | present | troops | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | |||||
| 5 | fight | present · progressive | the others | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | call | monkeys = monkey | nom call «communication transitive»: poss=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:015-monkeys-kinds-tails-and-troops.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/15-monkeys-kinds-tails-and-troops/9/