Myth check: are bats blind?, sentence 5
Many small bats echolocate: they send out high calls and judge where an insect is, and even its size and shape, from the echoes; an echo from something close comes back sooner than one from far away.
Who acts: Many small bats, Films, insect, echo · What happens: echolocate, send out, judge, be, come back · To what, where: high calls, size, echoes
This is a sentence of the lesson «Myth check: are bats blind?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Many small bats, Films, insect, echo), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 bats | amod |
| 2 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 bats | amod |
| 3 | bats | bat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 echolocate | nsubj |
| 4 | echolocate | echolocate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 7 send | punct |
| 6 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 7 send | nsubj |
| 7 | send | send | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 echolocate | parataxis |
| 8 | out | out | ADP | _ | 7 send | compound:prt |
| 9 | high | high | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 10 calls | amod |
| 10 | calls | call | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 send | obj |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 judge | cc |
| 12 | judge | judge | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 7 send | conj |
| 13 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 16 is | advmod |
| 14 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 15 insect | det |
| 15 | insect | insect | NOUN | Number=Sing | 16 is | nsubj |
| 16 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 judge | ccomp |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 size | punct |
| 18 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 size | cc |
| 19 | even | even | ADV | _ | 21 size | advmod |
| 20 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 21 size | nmod:poss |
| 21 | size | size | NOUN | Number=Sing | 12 judge | obj |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 23 shape | cc |
| 23 | shape | shape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 size | conj |
| 24 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 echoes | punct |
| 25 | from | from | ADP | _ | 27 echoes | case |
| 26 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 27 echoes | det |
| 27 | echoes | echo | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 judge | obl |
| 28 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 30 echo | punct |
| 29 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 30 echo | det |
| 30 | echo | echo | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 comes | nsubj |
| 31 | from | from | ADP | _ | 32 something | case |
| 32 | something | something | PRON | Number=Sing PronType=Ind | 30 echo | nmod |
| 33 | close | close | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 32 something | amod |
| 34 | comes | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 4 echolocate | advcl |
| 35 | back | back | ADV | _ | 36 sooner | advmod |
| 36 | sooner | soon | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 34 comes | advmod |
| 37 | than | than | ADP | _ | 38 one | case |
| 38 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 36 sooner | obl |
| 39 | from | from | ADP | _ | 40 far | case |
| 40 | far | far | ADV | Degree=Pos | 38 one | advmod |
| 41 | away | away | ADV | _ | 40 far | advmod |
| 42 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 echolocate | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | echolocate | present | Many small bats | tree rules | |||||
| 2 | send out | present | Films = film | high calls | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent call=Theme | ||||
| 3 | judge | present | Films = film not said here | bat's size and shape | the echoes | vn judgment-33.1-1-1 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent size=Theme clause=Attribute | |||
| 4 | be | present | a insect | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 5 | come back | present | a echo from something | soon property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:153-are-bats-blind.lesson:5.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/153-are-bats-blind/5/