The Amazon forest floor: leafcutters, army ants, tapirs, jaguars and the giant spider, sentence 4
Leafcutter ants cut and carry leaves but do not eat them; they grow a fungus on chewed leaf paste and eat the fungus.
Who acts: Leafcutter ants, ants · What happens: cut, carry, not eat, grow, chew, eat · To what, where: leaves, fungus, chewed leaf paste
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Amazon forest floor: leafcutters, army ants, tapirs, jaguars and the giant spider» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Leafcutter ants, ants), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Leafcutter | Leafcutter | PROPN | Number=Sing | 2 ants | compound |
| 2 | ants | ant | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 cut | nsubj |
| 3 | cut | cut | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 5 carry | cc |
| 5 | carry | carry | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 cut | conj |
| 6 | leaves | leaf | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 carry | obj |
| 7 | but | but | CCONJ | _ | 10 eat | cc |
| 8 | do | do | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 eat | aux |
| 9 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 10 eat | advmod |
| 10 | eat | eat | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 cut | conj |
| 11 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 10 eat | obj |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 14 grow | punct |
| 13 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 grow | nsubj |
| 14 | grow | grow | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 cut | parataxis |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 16 fungus | det |
| 16 | fungus | fungus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 grow | obj |
| 17 | on | on | ADP | _ | 20 paste | case |
| 18 | chewed | chew | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 20 paste | amod |
| 19 | leaf | leaf | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 paste | compound |
| 20 | paste | paste | NOUN | Number=Sing | 14 grow | obl |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 eat | cc |
| 22 | eat | eat | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 grow | conj |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 fungus | det |
| 24 | fungus | fungus | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 eat | obj |
| 25 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 cut | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cut | present | Leafcutter ants | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 2 | carry | present | Leafcutter ants not said here | leaves | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leaf=Theme | ||||
| 3 | not eat | present · do-support | Leafcutter ants not said here | leaves = leaf | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient | ||||
| 4 | grow | present | ants = ant | a fungus | chewed leaf paste | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location fungus=Theme | |||
| 5 | chew | participle | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||||
| 6 | eat | present | ants = ant not said here | the fungus | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fungus=Patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:157-the-amazon-forest-floor.lesson:4.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R3-conj-first ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/157-the-amazon-forest-floor/4/