The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 16

In the dark Congo forest leopards often hunt by day as well as at night; they hunt duikers, monkeys and even pangolins, and drag prey up trees to keep it from other hunters.

Who acts: leopards, snails · What happens: hunt, drag up, keep · To what, where: dark Congo forest, duikers, prey, other hunters

This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (leopards, snails), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	5 forest	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 forest	det
3	dark	dark	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 forest	amod
4	Congo	Congo	PROPN	Number=Sing	5 forest	compound
5	forest	forest	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hunt	obl
6	leopards	leopard	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 hunt	nsubj
7	often	often	ADV	_	8 hunt	advmod
8	hunt	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	by	by	ADP	_	10 day	case
10	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hunt	obl
11	as	as	ADV	ExtPos=ADV	8 hunt	advmod
12	well	well	ADV	Degree=Pos	11 as	fixed
13	as	as	ADP	_	11 as	fixed
14	at	at	ADP	_	15 night	case
15	night	night	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 hunt	obl
16	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 hunt	punct
17	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 hunt	nsubj
18	hunt	hunt	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 hunt	parataxis
19	duikers	duiker	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 hunt	obj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	21 monkeys	punct
21	monkeys	monkey	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 duikers	conj
22	and	and	CCONJ	_	24 pangolins	cc
23	even	even	ADV	_	24 pangolins	advmod
24	pangolins	pangolin	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 duikers	conj
25	,	,	PUNCT	_	27 drag	punct
26	and	and	CCONJ	_	27 drag	cc
27	drag	drag	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	18 hunt	conj
28	prey	prey	NOUN	Number=Sing	27 drag	obj
29	up	up	ADP	_	27 drag	compound:prt
30	trees	tree	NOUN	Number=Plur	27 drag	obj
31	to	to	PART	_	32 keep	mark
32	keep	keep	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	27 drag	advcl
33	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	32 keep	obj
34	from	from	ADP	_	36 hunters	case
35	other	other	ADJ	Degree=Pos	36 hunters	amod
36	hunters	hunter	NOUN	Number=Plur	32 keep	obl
37	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 hunt	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	hunt	present	leopards		the dark Congo forest	day; night	often property	vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent in forest=Location
2	hunt	present	snails = snail	duikers and monkeys and pangolins				vn hunt-35.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent duiker=Theme
3	drag up	present	snails = snail not said here	prey				tree rules
4	keep	to-infinitive	snails = snail not said here	prey	other hunters			vn forbid-64.4 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer it=Beneficiary from hunter=Eventuality

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/16/