The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants, sentence 4

Male gorillas beat their chests with cupped hands to make a loud popping sound, and bigger gorillas make deeper sounds, so others can judge size by ear.

Who acts: Male gorillas, bigger gorillas, others · What happens: beat, cup, make, pop, judge · To what, where: chests, loud popping sound, deeper sounds, size

This is a sentence of the lesson «The Congo rainforest: gorillas, bonobos, okapis and forest elephants» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Male gorillas, bigger gorillas, others), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Male	male	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 gorillas	amod
2	gorillas	gorilla	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 beat	nsubj
3	beat	beat	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	5 chests	nmod:poss
5	chests	chest	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 beat	obj
6	with	with	ADP	_	8 hands	case
7	cupped	cup	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	8 hands	amod
8	hands	hand	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 beat	obl
9	to	to	PART	_	10 make	mark
10	make	make	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	3 beat	advcl
11	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	14 sound	det
12	loud	loud	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 sound	amod
13	popping	pop	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	14 sound	amod
14	sound	sound	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 make	obj
15	,	,	PUNCT	_	19 make	punct
16	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 make	cc
17	bigger	big	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	18 gorillas	amod
18	gorillas	gorilla	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 make	nsubj
19	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 beat	conj
20	deeper	deep	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	21 sounds	amod
21	sounds	sound	NOUN	Number=Plur	19 make	obj
22	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 judge	punct
23	so	so	SCONJ	_	26 judge	mark
24	others	other	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 judge	nsubj
25	can	can	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	26 judge	aux
26	judge	judge	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	19 make	advcl
27	size	size	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 judge	obj
28	by	by	ADP	_	29 ear	case
29	ear	ear	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 judge	obl
30	.	.	PUNCT	_	3 beat	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed act=assert

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	beat	present	Male gorillas	gorillas's chests	with cupped hands	vn hit-18.1-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent chest=Patient with hand=Instrument
2	cup	participle				vn pocket-9.10 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent
3	make	to-infinitive	Male gorillas not said here	a loud popping sound		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset sound=Product
4	pop	gerund				vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
5	make	present	bigger gorillas	deeper sounds		vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sound=Product
6	judge	can	others	size	by ear	vn estimate-34.2-1-1 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Agent size=Value

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:159-the-congo-rainforest.lesson:4.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/159-the-congo-rainforest/4/