The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth, sentence 3
Long ago traders sold narwhal tusks in Europe as unicorn horns; the tusk is really a long spiral tooth, and as the world warms the sea ice is shrinking, making life harder for polar bears and seals.
Who acts: traders, tusk, world, sea ice · What happens: sell, be, warm, shrink, make · To what, where: narwhal tusks, Europe, long spiral tooth, life
This is a sentence of the lesson «The Arctic Ocean: walruses, bowheads, the 400-year shark and the unicorn's tooth» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (traders, tusk, world, sea ice), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 2 ago | advmod |
| 2 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 4 sold | advmod |
| 3 | traders | trader | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 sold | nsubj |
| 4 | sold | sell | VERB | Mood=Ind Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 5 | narwhal | narwhal | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 tusks | compound |
| 6 | tusks | tusk | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 sold | obj |
| 7 | in | in | ADP | _ | 8 Europe | case |
| 8 | Europe | Europe | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 sold | obl |
| 9 | as | as | ADP | _ | 11 horns | case |
| 10 | unicorn | unicorn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 horns | compound |
| 11 | horns | horn | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 sold | obl |
| 12 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 20 tooth | punct |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 tusk | det |
| 14 | tusk | tusk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 tooth | nsubj |
| 15 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 tooth | cop |
| 16 | really | really | ADV | _ | 20 tooth | advmod |
| 17 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 tooth | det |
| 18 | long | long | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 tooth | amod |
| 19 | spiral | spiral | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 tooth | amod |
| 20 | tooth | tooth | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 sold | parataxis |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 shrinking | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 31 shrinking | cc |
| 23 | as | as | SCONJ | _ | 26 warms | mark |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 25 world | det |
| 25 | world | world | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 warms | nsubj |
| 26 | warms | warm | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 shrinking | advcl |
| 27 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 29 ice | det |
| 28 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 ice | compound |
| 29 | ice | ice | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 shrinking | nsubj |
| 30 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 31 shrinking | aux |
| 31 | shrinking | shrink | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 20 tooth | conj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 making | punct |
| 33 | making | make | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 31 shrinking | advcl |
| 34 | life | life | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 making | obj |
| 35 | harder | hard | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 33 making | xcomp |
| 36 | for | for | ADP | _ | 38 bears | case |
| 37 | polar | polar | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 38 bears | amod |
| 38 | bears | bear | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 harder | obl |
| 39 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 40 seals | cc |
| 40 | seals | seal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 38 bears | conj |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 4 sold | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | sell | past | traders | narwhal tusks | Europe | as unicorn horns; ago property | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tusk=Theme | ||
| 2 | is a | present | the tusk | a long spiral tooth | tree rules | ||||
| 3 | warm | present | the world | vn other_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 4 | shrink | present · progressive | the sea ice | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 5 | make | gerund | the sea ice not said here | life | hard property | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset life=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth.lesson:3.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×3. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/169-the-arctic-ocean-walruses-bowheads-the-400-year-shark-and-the-unicorns-tooth/3/