How close are apes to us?, sentence 8
DNA is packed into tiny threads called chromosomes; human cells have 46 chromosomes and great apes have 48, because long ago two ape chromosomes joined into one, our chromosome 2, and the joined ends can still be seen.
Who acts: tiny threads, human cells, two ape chromosomes · What happens: pack, call, have, join, see · To what, where: DNA, tiny threads, chromosomes, 46 chromosomes, 48, joined ends · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tiny threads, human cells, two ape chromosomes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DNA | DNA | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 packed | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 packed | aux:pass |
| 3 | packed | pack | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | into | into | ADP | _ | 6 threads | case |
| 5 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 6 threads | amod |
| 6 | threads | thread | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 packed | obl |
| 7 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 threads | acl |
| 8 | chromosomes | chromosome | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 called | xcomp |
| 9 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 12 have | punct |
| 10 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 11 cells | amod |
| 11 | cells | cell | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 have | nsubj |
| 12 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 packed | parataxis |
| 13 | 46 | 46 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 14 chromosomes | nummod |
| 14 | chromosomes | chromosome | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 have | obj |
| 15 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 17 apes | cc |
| 16 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 17 apes | amod |
| 17 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 have | conj |
| 18 | have | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 have | conj |
| 19 | 48 | 48 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 18 have | obj |
| 20 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 packed | punct |
| 21 | because | because | SCONJ | ExtPos=ADP | 27 joined | mark |
| 22 | long | long | ADV | Degree=Pos | 23 ago | advmod |
| 23 | ago | ago | ADV | _ | 27 joined | advmod |
| 24 | two | two | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 26 chromosomes | nummod |
| 25 | ape | ape | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 chromosomes | compound |
| 26 | chromosomes | chromosome | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 joined | nsubj |
| 27 | joined | join | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 packed | advcl |
| 28 | into | into | ADP | _ | 29 one | case |
| 29 | one | one | NUM | NumForm=Word NumType=Card | 27 joined | obl |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 one | punct |
| 31 | our | our | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 32 chromosome | nmod:poss |
| 32 | chromosome | chromosome | NOUN | Number=Sing | 29 one | appos |
| 33 | 2 | 2 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 32 chromosome | flat |
| 34 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 42 seen | punct |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 42 seen | cc |
| 36 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 38 ends | det |
| 37 | joined | join | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 38 ends | amod |
| 38 | ends | end | NOUN | Number=Plur | 42 seen | nsubj:pass |
| 39 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 42 seen | aux |
| 40 | still | still | ADV | _ | 42 seen | advmod |
| 41 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 42 seen | aux:pass |
| 42 | seen | see | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 27 joined | conj |
| 43 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 packed | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pack | present · passive | DNA | tiny threads | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme into thread=Destination | ||||
| 2 | call | participle | tiny threads not said here | chromosomes | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 3 | have | present | human cells | 46 chromosomes | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chromosome=Patient | ||||
| 4 | have | present | human cells not said here | 48 | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 48=Patient | ||||
| 5 | join | past | two ape chromosomes | into one; ago property | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Patient into one=Co-Patient | ||||
| 6 | join | participle | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 7 | see | can · passive | the joined ends | still | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:8.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/8/