How close are apes to us?, sentence 9
Young apes make a panting laugh when tickled or play-wrestling, which shows it is only a game; human laughter probably came from this play-panting.
Who acts: Young apes, wrestling, DNA, human laughter · What happens: make, tickle, play, show, be, come · To what, where: panting laugh, wrestling, game, play panting · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «How close are apes to us?» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Young apes, wrestling, DNA, human laughter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Young | young | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 apes | amod |
| 2 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 make | nsubj |
| 3 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 6 laugh | det |
| 5 | panting | panting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 laugh | compound |
| 6 | laugh | laugh | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 make | obj |
| 7 | when | when | ADV | PronType=Int | 8 tickled | advmod |
| 8 | tickled | tickle | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 make | advcl |
| 9 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 10 play | cc |
| 10 | play | play | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 8 tickled | conj |
| 11 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 12 wrestling | punct |
| 12 | wrestling | wrestling | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 play | obj |
| 13 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 15 shows | punct |
| 14 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 15 shows | nsubj |
| 15 | shows | show | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 12 wrestling | acl:relcl |
| 16 | it | it | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 20 game | nsubj |
| 17 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 20 game | cop |
| 18 | only | only | ADV | _ | 20 game | advmod |
| 19 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 20 game | det |
| 20 | game | game | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 shows | ccomp |
| 21 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 23 laughter | punct |
| 22 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 23 laughter | amod |
| 23 | laughter | laughter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 came | nsubj |
| 24 | probably | probably | ADV | _ | 25 came | advmod |
| 25 | came | come | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 make | parataxis |
| 26 | from | from | ADP | _ | 30 panting | case |
| 27 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 30 panting | det |
| 28 | play | play | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 panting | compound |
| 29 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 28 play | punct |
| 30 | panting | panting | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 came | obl |
| 31 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 make | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present | Young apes | a panting laugh | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset laugh=Product | ||||
| 2 | tickle | participle | Young apes not said here | vn tingle-40.8.2 «NP V»: agent=Patient | |||||
| 3 | play | infinitive | Young apes not said here | wrestling | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wrestling=Theme | ||||
| 4 | show | present | wrestling | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 5 | is a | present | DNA | a game | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | come | past | human laughter | this play panting | probably property | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme from panting=Initial_Location |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:017-how-close-are-apes-to-us.lesson:9.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/17-how-close-are-apes-to-us/9/