Mangroves: trees in salt water, mudskippers, archerfish and swimming tigers, sentence 6
Mudskippers are fish that spend much of their time out of water; they keep water in their gill chambers and breathe through their skin, and males jump high to show off and defend their patch of mud.
Who acts: Mudskippers, fish, mangroves, males · What happens: be, spend, keep, breathe, jump, show off · To what, where: fish, much, water, gill chambers, skin, patch
This is a sentence of the lesson «Mangroves: trees in salt water, mudskippers, archerfish and swimming tigers» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Mudskippers, fish, mangroves, males), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mudskippers | mudskipper | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 fish | nsubj |
| 2 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 fish | cop |
| 3 | fish | fish | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 4 | that | that | PRON | PronType=Rel | 5 spend | nsubj |
| 5 | spend | spend | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 fish | acl:relcl |
| 6 | much | much | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 5 spend | obj |
| 7 | of | of | ADP | _ | 9 time | case |
| 8 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 9 time | nmod:poss |
| 9 | time | time | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 much | nmod |
| 10 | out | out | ADP | _ | 12 water | case |
| 11 | of | of | ADP | _ | 12 water | case |
| 12 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 9 time | nmod |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 15 keep | punct |
| 14 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 15 keep | nsubj |
| 15 | keep | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 spend | parataxis |
| 16 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 keep | obj |
| 17 | in | in | ADP | _ | 20 chambers | case |
| 18 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 20 chambers | nmod:poss |
| 19 | gill | gill | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 chambers | compound |
| 20 | chambers | chamber | NOUN | Number=Plur | 15 keep | obl |
| 21 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 breathe | cc |
| 22 | breathe | breathe | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 keep | conj |
| 23 | through | through | ADP | _ | 25 skin | case |
| 24 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 25 skin | nmod:poss |
| 25 | skin | skin | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 breathe | obl |
| 26 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 29 jump | punct |
| 27 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 29 jump | cc |
| 28 | males | male | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 jump | nsubj |
| 29 | jump | jump | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 15 keep | conj |
| 30 | high | high | ADV | _ | 29 jump | advmod |
| 31 | to | to | PART | _ | 32 show | mark |
| 32 | show | show | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 29 jump | advcl |
| 33 | off | off | ADP | _ | 32 show | compound:prt |
| 34 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 35 defend | cc |
| 35 | defend | defend | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 32 show | conj |
| 36 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 patch | nmod:poss |
| 37 | patch | patch | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 defend | obj |
| 38 | of | of | ADP | _ | 39 mud | case |
| 39 | mud | mud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 37 patch | nmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 fish | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | is a | present | Mudskippers | fish | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | spend | present | fish | much of Mudskippers's time out water | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent much=Asset | ||||
| 3 | keep | present | mangroves = mangrove | water | mangroves's gill chambers | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent water=Theme in chamber=Location | |||
| 4 | breathe | present | mangroves = mangrove not said here | mangroves's skin | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | ||||
| 5 | jump | present | males | high property | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 6 | show off | to-infinitive | males not said here | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 7 | defend | infinitive | males not said here | mangroves's patch of mud | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent patch=Beneficiary |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:178-mangroves-trees-in-salt-water-mudskippers-archerfish-and-swimming-tigers.lesson:6.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/178-mangroves-trees-in-salt-water-mudskippers-archerfish-and-swimming-tigers/6/