Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds, sentence 11
Pugs and bulldogs were bred for flatter and flatter faces, which squeeze their airways so they snore and can struggle to breathe; vets now advise choosing dogs with slightly longer noses.
Who acts: faces, Pugs, vets · What happens: breed, squeeze, snore, struggle, breathe, advise · To what, where: Pugs, airways, dogs
This is a sentence of the lesson «Dogs: from wolves to hundreds of breeds» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (faces, Pugs, vets), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pugs | pug | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 bred | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 3 bulldogs | cc |
| 3 | bulldogs | bulldog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 1 Pugs | conj |
| 4 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 5 bred | aux:pass |
| 5 | bred | breed | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 6 | for | for | ADP | _ | 7 flatter | case |
| 7 | flatter | flatter | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 bred | obl |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 10 faces | cc |
| 9 | flatter | flat | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 7 flatter | conj |
| 10 | faces | face | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 flatter | conj |
| 11 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 13 squeeze | punct |
| 12 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 13 squeeze | nsubj |
| 13 | squeeze | squeeze | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 faces | acl:relcl |
| 14 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 15 airways | nmod:poss |
| 15 | airways | airway | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 squeeze | obj |
| 16 | so | so | ADV | _ | 18 snore | advmod |
| 17 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 18 snore | nsubj |
| 18 | snore | snore | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 13 squeeze | advcl |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 struggle | cc |
| 20 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 21 struggle | aux |
| 21 | struggle | struggle | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 18 snore | conj |
| 22 | to | to | PART | _ | 23 breathe | mark |
| 23 | breathe | breathe | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 struggle | xcomp |
| 24 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 25 vets | punct |
| 25 | vets | vet | NOUN | Number=Plur | 27 advise | nsubj |
| 26 | now | now | ADV | PronType=Dem | 27 advise | advmod |
| 27 | advise | advise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 5 bred | parataxis |
| 28 | choosing | choose | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 27 advise | xcomp |
| 29 | dogs | dog | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 choosing | obj |
| 30 | with | with | ADP | _ | 33 noses | case |
| 31 | slightly | slightly | ADV | _ | 32 longer | advmod |
| 32 | longer | long | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 33 noses | amod |
| 33 | noses | nose | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 dogs | nmod |
| 34 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 5 bred | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | breed | past · passive | Pugs and bulldogs | for flatter and faces | tree rules | ||||
| 2 | squeeze | present | faces | Pugs's airways | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent airway=Theme | ||||
| 3 | snore | present | Pugs = pug | vn nonverbal_expression-40.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 4 | struggle | can | Pugs = pug not said here | tree rules | |||||
| 5 | breathe | to-infinitive | Pugs = pug not said here | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 6 | advise speech: other | present | vets | now | vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | ||||
| 7 | choose not said to happen | gerund | vets not said here | dogs | with longer noses | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dog=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds.lesson:11.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/192-dogs-from-wolves-to-hundreds-of-breeds/11/