The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy, sentence 10
Howler monkeys roar at dawn to tell other groups where their territory is; a large hollow bone in the throat makes the boom, which can carry about 5 km, making them some of the loudest land animals.
Who acts: Howler monkeys, territory, large hollow bone, boom · What happens: roar, tell, be, make, carry · To what, where: other groups, boom, 5 km, km · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «The rainforest from the top: emergent layer and canopy» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Howler monkeys, territory, large hollow bone, boom), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Howler | howler | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 monkeys | compound |
| 2 | monkeys | monkey | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 roar | nsubj |
| 3 | roar | roar | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 4 | at | at | ADP | _ | 5 dawn | case |
| 5 | dawn | dawn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 roar | obl |
| 6 | to | to | PART | _ | 7 tell | mark |
| 7 | tell | tell | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 roar | advcl |
| 8 | other | other | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 groups | amod |
| 9 | groups | group | NOUN | Number=Plur | 7 tell | obj |
| 10 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 13 is | advmod |
| 11 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 12 territory | nmod:poss |
| 12 | territory | territory | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 is | nsubj |
| 13 | is | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 9 groups | acl:relcl |
| 14 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 22 makes | punct |
| 15 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 18 bone | det |
| 16 | large | large | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 bone | amod |
| 17 | hollow | hollow | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 bone | amod |
| 18 | bone | bone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 makes | nsubj |
| 19 | in | in | ADP | _ | 21 throat | case |
| 20 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 throat | det |
| 21 | throat | throat | NOUN | Number=Sing | 18 bone | nmod |
| 22 | makes | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 roar | parataxis |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 boom | det |
| 24 | boom | boom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 makes | obj |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 28 carry | punct |
| 26 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 28 carry | nsubj |
| 27 | can | can | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 28 carry | aux |
| 28 | carry | carry | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 24 boom | acl:relcl |
| 29 | about | about | ADV | _ | 30 5 | advmod |
| 30 | 5 | 5 | NUM | NumForm=Digit NumType=Card | 31 km | nummod |
| 31 | km | km | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 carry | obj |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 33 making | punct |
| 33 | making | make | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 28 carry | advcl |
| 34 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 33 making | obj |
| 35 | some | some | DET | PronType=Ind | 33 making | xcomp |
| 36 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 animals | case |
| 37 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 animals | det |
| 38 | loudest | loud | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 40 animals | amod |
| 39 | land | land | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 animals | compound |
| 40 | animals | animal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 some | nmod |
| 41 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 roar | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | roar | present | Howler monkeys | dawn | vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP.location V PP.theme»: agent=Location | ||||
| 2 | tell speech: assert | to-infinitive | Howler monkeys not said here | other groups | vn transfer_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent group=Recipient | ||||
| 3 | be | present | monkeys's territory | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | make | present | a large hollow bone in the throat | the boom | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset boom=Product | ||||
| 5 | carry | can | the boom | 5 km | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent km=Theme | ||||
| 6 | make | gerund | the boom not said here | km | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset they=Product |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:002-the-rainforest-from-the-top.lesson:10.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/2-the-rainforest-from-the-top/10/