Elephants: the trunk and everything it does, sentence 9

Elephants throw dust and mud over their backs, which protects their sensitive skin from sunburn and biting insects, and the deep wrinkles of their skin hold water and mud that cool them.

Who acts: Elephants, backs, deep wrinkles, water · What happens: throw, protect, bite, hold, cool · To what, where: dust, backs, sensitive skin, water, trunk

This is a sentence of the lesson «Elephants: the trunk and everything it does» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Elephants, backs, deep wrinkles, water), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Elephants	elephant	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 throw	nsubj
2	throw	throw	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	dust	dust	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 throw	obj
4	and	and	CCONJ	_	5 mud	cc
5	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 dust	conj
6	over	over	ADP	_	8 backs	case
7	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	8 backs	nmod:poss
8	backs	back	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 throw	obl
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	11 protects	punct
10	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	11 protects	nsubj
11	protects	protect	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	8 backs	acl:relcl
12	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 skin	nmod:poss
13	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	14 skin	amod
14	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 protects	obj
15	from	from	ADP	_	16 sunburn	case
16	sunburn	sunburn	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 protects	obl
17	and	and	CCONJ	_	19 insects	cc
18	biting	bite	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	19 insects	amod
19	insects	insect	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 sunburn	conj
20	,	,	PUNCT	_	28 hold	punct
21	and	and	CCONJ	_	28 hold	cc
22	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	24 wrinkles	det
23	deep	deep	ADJ	Degree=Pos	24 wrinkles	amod
24	wrinkles	wrinkle	NOUN	Number=Plur	28 hold	nsubj
25	of	of	ADP	_	27 skin	case
26	their	their	PRON	Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 skin	nmod:poss
27	skin	skin	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 wrinkles	nmod
28	hold	hold	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 throw	conj
29	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	28 hold	obj
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 mud	cc
31	mud	mud	NOUN	Number=Sing	29 water	conj
32	that	that	PRON	PronType=Rel	33 cool	nsubj
33	cool	cool	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	29 water	acl:relcl
34	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	33 cool	obj
35	.	.	PUNCT	_	2 throw	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	throw	present	Elephants	dust and mud	trunk's backs		vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent dust=Theme over back=Destination
2	protect	present	trunk's backs	trunk's sensitive skin		from sunburn and biting insects	vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent skin=Beneficiary from sunburn=Theme
3	bite	gerund					vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent
4	hold	present	the deep wrinkles of trunk's skin	water and mud			vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Theme
5	cool	present	water and mud	trunk			vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent they=Patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:021-elephants-the-trunk.lesson:9.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/21-elephants-the-trunk/9/