Garden birds: robins, blackbirds, tits and feeders, sentence 14
A huge swirling cloud of starlings at dusk is called a murmuration; flying together keeps them safer from hawks, and each bird watches only its nearest neighbours.
Who acts: flying, bird · What happens: swirl, call, fly, keep, watch, cloud · To what, where: huge swirling cloud, clouds, nearest neighbours, starlings · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Garden birds: robins, blackbirds, tits and feeders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (flying, bird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 4 cloud | det |
| 2 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 cloud | amod |
| 3 | swirling | swirl | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 4 cloud | amod |
| 4 | cloud | cloud | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 called | nsubj:pass |
| 5 | of | of | ADP | _ | 6 starlings | case |
| 6 | starlings | starling | NOUN | Number=Plur | 4 cloud | nmod |
| 7 | at | at | ADP | _ | 8 dusk | case |
| 8 | dusk | dusk | NOUN | Number=Sing | 4 cloud | nmod |
| 9 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 called | aux:pass |
| 10 | called | call | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 11 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 12 murmuration | det |
| 12 | murmuration | murmuration | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 called | xcomp |
| 13 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 16 keeps | punct |
| 14 | flying | fly | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 16 keeps | csubj |
| 15 | together | together | ADV | _ | 14 flying | advmod |
| 16 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 called | parataxis |
| 17 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 16 keeps | obj |
| 18 | safer | safe | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 16 keeps | xcomp |
| 19 | from | from | ADP | _ | 20 hawks | case |
| 20 | hawks | hawk | NOUN | Number=Plur | 18 safer | obl |
| 21 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 25 watches | punct |
| 22 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 watches | cc |
| 23 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 24 bird | det |
| 24 | bird | bird | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 watches | nsubj |
| 25 | watches | watch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 called | conj |
| 26 | only | only | ADV | _ | 29 neighbours | advmod |
| 27 | its | its | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 29 neighbours | nmod:poss |
| 28 | nearest | near | ADJ | Degree=Sup | 29 neighbours | amod |
| 29 | neighbours | neighbour | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 watches | obj |
| 30 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 called | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | swirl | gerund | vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||||
| 2 | call speech: assert | present · passive | a huge swirling cloud of starlings at dusk | vn initiate_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient | |||||
| 3 | fly | gerund | together property | vn spatial_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | keep | present | flying | clouds = cloud | safe property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme | |||
| 5 | watch | present | each bird | murmuration's nearest neighbours | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neighbour=Theme | ||||
| 6 | cloud | starlings | at dusk | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient at=obl |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:216-garden-birds-robins-blackbirds-tits-and-feeders.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/216-garden-birds-robins-blackbirds-tits-and-feeders/14/