Elephants: families, tusks, ears and memory, sentence 18
An Asian elephant named Happy touched a mark on her head after seeing it in a mirror, which suggests she knew the reflection was herself; great apes, dolphins and magpies have passed this mirror test too.
Who acts: Asian elephant, mirror, Happy, reflection, great apes · What happens: name, touch, see, suggest, know, be · To what, where: Asian elephant, mark, elephant, mirror, Happy, mirror test · Speech: someone speaks here
This is a sentence of the lesson «Elephants: families, tusks, ears and memory» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Asian elephant, mirror, Happy, reflection), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | An | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 3 elephant | det |
| 2 | Asian | Asian | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 elephant | amod |
| 3 | elephant | elephant | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 touched | nsubj |
| 4 | named | name | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 elephant | acl |
| 5 | Happy | Happy | PROPN | Number=Sing | 4 named | xcomp |
| 6 | touched | touch | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 mark | det |
| 8 | mark | mark | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 touched | obj |
| 9 | on | on | ADP | _ | 11 head | case |
| 10 | her | her | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 11 head | nmod:poss |
| 11 | head | head | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 touched | obl |
| 12 | after | after | SCONJ | _ | 13 seeing | mark |
| 13 | seeing | see | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 6 touched | advcl |
| 14 | it | it | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 13 seeing | obj |
| 15 | in | in | ADP | _ | 17 mirror | case |
| 16 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 17 mirror | det |
| 17 | mirror | mirror | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 seeing | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 20 suggests | punct |
| 19 | which | which | PRON | PronType=Rel | 20 suggests | nsubj |
| 20 | suggests | suggest | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 17 mirror | acl:relcl |
| 21 | she | she | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 22 knew | nsubj |
| 22 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 20 suggests | ccomp |
| 23 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 reflection | det |
| 24 | reflection | reflection | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 herself | nsubj |
| 25 | was | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 26 herself | cop |
| 26 | herself | herself | PRON | Case=Acc Gender=Fem Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 22 knew | ccomp |
| 27 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 6 touched | punct |
| 28 | great | great | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 29 apes | amod |
| 29 | apes | ape | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 passed | nsubj |
| 30 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 dolphins | punct |
| 31 | dolphins | dolphin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 apes | conj |
| 32 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 33 magpies | cc |
| 33 | magpies | magpie | NOUN | Number=Plur | 29 apes | conj |
| 34 | have | have | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 35 passed | aux |
| 35 | passed | pass | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 touched | parataxis |
| 36 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 38 test | det |
| 37 | mirror | mirror | NOUN | Number=Sing | 38 test | compound |
| 38 | test | test | NOUN | Number=Sing | 35 passed | obj |
| 39 | too | too | ADV | _ | 35 passed | advmod |
| 40 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 touched | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- kept the draft
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | name | participle | a Asian elephant not said here | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | touch | past | a Asian elephant | a mark | on Happy's head | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP PP.theme PP.instrument»: agent=Agent mark=Experiencer on head=Theme | |||
| 3 | see | gerund | a Asian elephant not said here | elephant | a mirror | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus | |||
| 4 | suggest speech: suggest | present | a mirror | vn say-37.7-1-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic | |||||
| 5 | know | past | Happy | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | |||||
| 6 | is a | past | the reflection | Happy | tree rules | ||||
| 7 | pass | present · perfect | great apes and dolphins and magpies | this mirror test | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme test=Trajectory |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:022-elephants-families-tusks-ears-memory.lesson:18.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): no change. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/22-elephants-families-tusks-ears-memory/18/