Raccoons, opossums and skunks, sentence 15

Before spraying, a skunk warns by stamping its feet and raising its tail; then it sprays a very smelly liquid from glands under its tail.

Who acts: skunk, tail · What happens: spray, warn, stamp, raise · To what, where: feet, tail, smelly liquid, glands

This is a sentence of the lesson «Raccoons, opossums and skunks» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (skunk, tail), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Before	before	SCONJ	_	2 spraying	mark
2	spraying	spray	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 warns	advcl
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 spraying	punct
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 skunk	det
5	skunk	skunk	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 warns	nsubj
6	warns	warn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	by	by	SCONJ	_	8 stamping	mark
8	stamping	stamp	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	6 warns	advcl
9	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	10 feet	nmod:poss
10	feet	foot	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 stamping	obj
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 raising	cc
12	raising	raise	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	8 stamping	conj
13	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	14 tail	nmod:poss
14	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	12 raising	obj
15	;	;	PUNCT	_	18 sprays	punct
16	then	then	ADV	PronType=Dem	18 sprays	advmod
17	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	18 sprays	nsubj
18	sprays	spray	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	6 warns	parataxis
19	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	22 liquid	det
20	very	very	ADV	_	21 smelly	advmod
21	smelly	smelly	ADJ	Degree=Pos	22 liquid	amod
22	liquid	liquid	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 sprays	obj
23	from	from	ADP	_	24 glands	case
24	glands	gland	NOUN	Number=Plur	18 sprays	obl
25	under	under	ADP	_	27 tail	case
26	its	its	PRON	Case=Gen Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs	27 tail	nmod:poss
27	tail	tail	NOUN	Number=Sing	24 glands	nmod
28	.	.	PUNCT	_	6 warns	punct

Pragmatics

No stored speech act for this sentence.

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	when	roles by
1	spray	gerund	a skunk not said here				vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme
2	warn speech: warn	present	a skunk				vn advise-37.9-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent
3	stamp	gerund	a skunk not said here	skunk's feet			vn image_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent foot=Destination
4	raise	gerund	a skunk not said here	skunk's tail			vn put_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tail=Theme
5	spray	present	tail	a smelly liquid	glands under tail's tail	then	vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent liquid=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:224-raccoons-opossums-and-skunks.lesson:15.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×1, R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/224-raccoons-opossums-and-skunks/15/