Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus, sentence 14
Antivenom is made by giving horses small doses of venom and collecting the antibodies their bodies make; snakebites still kill tens of thousands of people a year, mostly farmers in poor countries.
Who acts: bodies, snakebites · What happens: make, give, collect, kill · To what, where: Antivenom, small doses, horses, antibodies, tens
This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: venom in snakes, jellyfish, scorpions and the platypus» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (bodies, snakebites), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Antivenom | antivenom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 made | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 made | aux:pass |
| 3 | made | make | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | by | by | SCONJ | _ | 5 giving | mark |
| 5 | giving | give | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 3 made | advcl |
| 6 | horses | horse | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 giving | iobj |
| 7 | small | small | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 8 doses | amod |
| 8 | doses | dose | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 giving | obj |
| 9 | of | of | ADP | _ | 10 venom | case |
| 10 | venom | venom | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 doses | nmod |
| 11 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 12 collecting | cc |
| 12 | collecting | collect | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 5 giving | conj |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 antibodies | det |
| 14 | antibodies | antibody | NOUN | Number=Plur | 12 collecting | obj |
| 15 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 bodies | nmod:poss |
| 16 | bodies | body | NOUN | Number=Plur | 17 make | nsubj |
| 17 | make | make | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 14 antibodies | acl:relcl |
| 18 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 21 kill | punct |
| 19 | snakebites | snakebite | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 kill | nsubj |
| 20 | still | still | ADV | _ | 21 kill | advmod |
| 21 | kill | kill | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 3 made | parataxis |
| 22 | tens | ten | NOUN | Number=Plur | 21 kill | obj |
| 23 | of | of | ADP | _ | 24 thousands | case |
| 24 | thousands | thousand | NOUN | Number=Plur | 22 tens | nmod |
| 25 | of | of | ADP | _ | 26 people | case |
| 26 | people | people | NOUN | Number=Plur | 24 thousands | nmod |
| 27 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 28 year | det |
| 28 | year | year | NOUN | Number=Sing | 21 kill | obl:unmarked |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 31 farmers | punct |
| 30 | mostly | mostly | ADV | _ | 31 farmers | advmod |
| 31 | farmers | farmer | NOUN | Number=Plur | 3 made | conj |
| 32 | in | in | ADP | _ | 34 countries | case |
| 33 | poor | poor | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 34 countries | amod |
| 34 | countries | country | NOUN | Number=Plur | 31 farmers | nmod |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 made | punct |
Pragmatics
No stored speech act for this sentence.
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | make | present · passive | Antivenom | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | |||||
| 2 | give | gerund | small doses of venom | horses | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent horse=Recipient dose=Theme | ||||
| 3 | collect | gerund | the antibodies | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent antibody=Theme | |||||
| 4 | make | present | antibodies's bodies | the antibodies not said here | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset antibody=Product | ||||
| 5 | kill | present | snakebites | tens of thousands of people | still; year | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ten=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus.lesson:14.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R7-rel-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/246-defences-venom-in-snakes-jellyfish-scorpions-and-the-platypus/14/