Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics, sentence 16

Red, yellow, orange and black often mean danger in nature, predators learn quickly or are born wary of them, and people copy nature with yellow and black warning signs.

Who acts: Red, predators, people · What happens: mean, learn, bear, copy · To what, where: danger, nature

This is a sentence of the lesson «Defences: poison, warning colours and mimics» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Red, predators, people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Red	red	ADJ	Degree=Pos	9 mean	nsubj
2	,	,	PUNCT	_	3 yellow	punct
3	yellow	yellow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Red	conj
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	5 orange	punct
5	orange	orange	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Red	conj
6	and	and	CCONJ	_	15 learn	cc
7	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Red	conj
8	often	often	ADV	_	9 mean	advmod
9	mean	mean	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
10	danger	danger	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 mean	obj
11	in	in	ADP	_	12 nature	case
12	nature	nature	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 danger	nmod
13	,	,	PUNCT	_	15 learn	punct
14	predators	predator	NOUN	Number=Plur	15 learn	nsubj
15	learn	learn	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 mean	conj
16	quickly	quickly	ADV	_	15 learn	advmod
17	or	or	CCONJ	_	19 born	cc
18	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	19 born	aux:pass
19	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	15 learn	conj
20	wary	wary	ADJ	Degree=Pos	19 born	xcomp
21	of	of	ADP	_	22 them	case
22	them	they	PRON	Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	20 wary	obl
23	,	,	PUNCT	_	26 copy	punct
24	and	and	CCONJ	_	26 copy	cc
25	people	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 copy	nsubj
26	copy	copy	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 mean	conj
27	nature	nature	NOUN	Number=Sing	26 copy	obj
28	with	with	ADP	_	33 signs	case
29	yellow	yellow	ADJ	Degree=Pos	33 signs	amod
30	and	and	CCONJ	_	31 black	cc
31	black	black	ADJ	Degree=Pos	29 yellow	conj
32	warning	warning	NOUN	Number=Sing	33 signs	compound
33	signs	sign	NOUN	Number=Plur	26 copy	obl
34	.	.	PUNCT	_	9 mean	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
polarity: none
teacher: changed act=assert

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	mean	present	Red	danger	in nature; often property	vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot danger=Theme in nature=Attribute
2	learn	present	predators		quickly property	vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	bear	present · passive	predators not said here		wary property	vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»
4	copy	present	people	nature	with yellow warning signs	vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent nature=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:biology:247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics.lesson:16.

The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R2-punct-next ×2, R3-conj-first ×3, R8-pos-agree ×1. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.

See the release 0.4.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/biology/247-defences-poison-warning-colours-and-mimics/16/